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An important aspect of climate change in the Arctic is melting of the permafrost. In Svalbard, monitoring of permafrost is ongoing in several boreholes, including at Janssonhaugen…

Melting glaciers are in focus due to climate change and rising temperatures. In Svalbard, several glaciers are monitored to detect the potential loss of mass. Mass balance is the difference…

The West Spitsbergen Current (WSC) is the only current transporting warm (>3°C) Atlantic water into the Arctic Ocean. Core temperatures are rising and monitoring is needed to predict changes in…

The sea level reflects both short and long-term changes in the climate of the atmosphere, the cryosphere, the land areas, and the oceans. The global average sea level rises with about 3.5 mm per year due to…

It is important to monitor the extent of sea ice because it is vital for the climate in the Arctic and globally, and because it sets important limits for the ecosystems in the Arctic. The sea ice extent in…

The ice cover in the Arctic Ocean is a vital factor for the climate both globally and in the Arctic, and it also sets important limits for the ecosystems in the Arctic. Most of the ice leaving the Arctic Ocean…

The transport of freshwater in the East Greenland Current through the Fram Strait is monitored because it can affect the regional climate in northern Europe. This is one of the places…

Excessive doses of ultraviolet (UV) radiation can damage the development and growth of plants and microorganisms, and cause, for example, sunburn and skin cancer in humans. Monitoring of…

Temperature and precipitation are key climatic factors that influence ecosystems and human activity. Both air temperature and precipitation show an increase throughout the monitoring period…

The most important greenhouse gases emitted by human activity are carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), a combined group of gases called halocarbons, and nitrous oxide (N₂O). These…