{"id":1027,"date":"2022-04-11T15:06:12","date_gmt":"2022-04-11T13:06:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/?post_type=bc_indicator&#038;p=1027"},"modified":"2025-11-27T09:37:48","modified_gmt":"2025-11-27T08:37:48","slug":"zooplankton-species-composition-in-kongsfjorden","status":"publish","type":"bc_indicator","link":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/indikator\/fauna\/marine-fauna\/zooplankton-species-composition-in-kongsfjorden\/","title":{"rendered":"Zooplankton species composition in Kongsfjorden"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-sizing-small\">Last updated 27 November 2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The Kongsfjorden pelagic ecosystem is influenced by both Atlantic and Arctic waters. The relative amount of the Atlantic&nbsp;<em>Calanus finmarchicus<\/em>&nbsp;and the Arctic&nbsp;<em>Calanus glacialis<\/em>&nbsp;varies yearly.&nbsp;<em>Calanus finmarchicus<\/em>&nbsp;has been the dominant species for the last decade, due to increased inflow of Atlantic water and increased temperature. Changes in the zooplankton community will cascade to higher trophic levels, and might change the character of the pelagic ecosystem. Therefore, the composition of the zooplankton community in Kongsfjorden might function as a climate indicator on a local scale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2040\" height=\"765\" src=\"http:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/hi-027804-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-62567\" style=\"width:1200px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/hi-027804-2.jpg 2040w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/hi-027804-2-300x113.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/hi-027804-2-1024x384.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/hi-027804-2-768x288.jpg 768w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/hi-027804-2-1536x576.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/hi-027804-2-684x257.jpg 684w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2040px) 100vw, 2040px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Calanus finmarchicus. Photo: Terje van der Meeren \/ Institute of Marine Research<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-white-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-sizing-medium\">What is being monitored?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-mosj-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-mosj-yellow-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-sizing-medium\">Calanus species in Kongsfjorden<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"176\"\n     style=\"height: 400px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4 wdt-chart-three\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7 \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2 wdt-chart-two\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5 wdt-chart-four\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6 wdt-chart-five\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-static-background\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style>\n    \n<\/style>    <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n        if (typeof (wpDataCharts) == 'undefined') wpDataCharts = {};\n        wpDataCharts[176] = {\n            render_data: {\"wdtNumberFormat\":\"1\",\"options\":{\"title\":{\"text\":\"Calanus species composition in Kongsfjorden\",\"floating\":false,\"align\":\"center\"},\"series\":[{\"type\":\"\",\"name\":\"Proportion of Atlantic species\",\"color\":\"#F44336\",\"label\":\"Proportion of Atlantic species\",\"orig_header\":\"proportionofatlanticspecies\",\"data\":[51.4,75.6,null,35.2,44.7,63.4,70,66.3,48.5,null,56.9,70.3,36.8,77.2,52.7,63.5,71.4,63.6,95.8,76.6,69.2,70.1,61.5,30.4,77.2,55.9,85.5,98,90.3]},{\"type\":\"\",\"name\":\"Proportion of Arctic species\",\"color\":\"#2196F3\",\"label\":\"Proportion of Arctic 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(%)\"},\"crosshair\":false,\"max\":100},\"subtitle\":{\"text\":\"\",\"align\":\"center\"},\"tooltip\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"rgba(255,255,255,0.85)\",\"borderWidth\":\"1\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"3\",\"shared\":true,\"valuePrefix\":\"\",\"valueSuffix\":\"\"},\"legend\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"title\":{\"text\":\"\"},\"layout\":\"horizontal\",\"align\":\"center\",\"verticalAlign\":\"bottom\",\"borderWidth\":\"0\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"0\"},\"exporting\":{\"enabled\":true,\"chartOptions\":{\"plotOptions\":{\"series\":{\"dataLabels\":{\"enabled\":false}}}},\"filename\":\"\",\"width\":\"\",\"buttons\":{\"contextButton\":{\"align\":\"right\",\"verticalAlign\":\"top\",\"symbolStroke\":\"#666\",\"text\":\"\"}}},\"credits\":{\"enabled\":true,\"href\":\"\",\"text\":\"Data: Norwegian Polar Institute\"}},\"type\":\"highcharts_stacked_column_chart\",\"height\":400},\n            engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_stacked_column_chart\",\n            title: \"Calanus species composition in Kongsfjorden\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_176\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 178,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_176\" class=\"highcharts_stacked_column_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">The figure shows the proportion of the total\u00a0<em>Calanus<\/em>\u00a0abundance made up of the Atlantic species,\u00a0<em>Calanus finmarchicus<\/em>, and the two Arctic species,\u00a0<em>Calanus glacialis<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>Calanus hyperboreus<\/em>. The Arctic species (especially\u00a0<em>C. glacialis<\/em>) dominate in Kongsfjorden in &#8220;cold&#8221; years when the influx of Atlantic water is low, as in\u00a01999, 2000 and 2008. The density of\u00a0<em>C. finmarchicus<\/em>\u00a0rises in &#8220;warm&#8221; years with a larger inflow of warm, Atlantic water. Strong inflows of Atlantic water during the winter\u00a02005-2006\u00a0have led to Kongsfjorden remaining ice-free in winter since then. The Atlantic,\u00a0<em>C. finmarchicus<\/em>\u00a0has dominated in Kongsfjorden the last decade, except for in 2008 and 2019, and it made up almost all of the <em>Calanus <\/em>population in the end of July 2023 and 2024.<br>(<em>Cite these data: Norwegian Polar Institute (2025).\u00a0<em>Zooplankton species composition in Kongsfjorden<\/em>. Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ). URL: <\/em>https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/indikator\/fauna\/marine-fauna\/zooplankton-species-composition-in-kongsfjorden\/)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-pb-accordion-item c-accordion__item js-accordion-item no-js\" data-initially-open=\"false\" data-click-to-close=\"true\" data-auto-close=\"false\" data-scroll=\"false\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><h2 id=\"at-10271\" class=\"c-accordion__title js-accordion-controller\" role=\"button\">Details on these data<\/h2><div id=\"ac-10271\" class=\"c-accordion__content\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Last updated<\/strong><\/td><td>27 November 2025<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Update interval<\/strong><\/td><td>Yearly<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Next update<\/strong><\/td><td>November 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Commissioning organization<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.regjeringen.no\/en\/dep\/kld\/id668\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ministry of Climate and Environment<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Executive organization<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Norwegian Polar Institute<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Contact persons<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/people\/haakon.hop\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Haakon Hop<\/a><br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/people\/anette.wold\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Anette Wold<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/people\/allison.bailey\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Allison Bailey<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Method<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">From 1996 to 2020 the mesozooplankton was sampled with a Hydrobios MultiNet Midi, containing five nets sampling successive depth intervals from bottom to surface (bottom-200 m, 200-100 m, 100-50 m, 50-20 m and 20-0 m).&nbsp; The net has an opening of 0.25 m<sup>2<\/sup> and the mesh size is 200 \u00b5m. From 2021 onward the sampling was done using a Hydrobios WP2 net with an opening of 0.255 m<sup>2<\/sup> and mesh size of 200 \u00b5m at three distinct depths (bottom-100 m, 100-50 m and 50-0 m). The sampling is conducted in end of July each year. The three <em>Calanus<\/em> species are identified based on prosome (body minus tail section) length measurements, developmental stage, and morphological features. The abundance (ind. m<sup>-3<\/sup>) is integrated for all depths sampled. The average value for three stations from 1996 to 2020 (Kb1, Kb2, Kb3) and from two stations after 2020 (Kb1 og Kb3) is used to calculate the averaged relative abundance of Atlantic <em>Calanus<\/em> (<em>Calanus finmarchicus<\/em>) and Arctic <em>Calanus <\/em>(<em>Calanus glacialis<\/em> and <em>Calanus hyperboreus<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">In recent years it has been revealed that species identification of <em>Calanus<\/em> copepods using traditional length-based classification can, in some cases, provide unreliable results. While <em>C. hyperboreus<\/em> can be determined using a morphological features (a spine&nbsp;on the last prosome segment), differentiation between <em>C. finmarchicus<\/em> and <em>C. glacialis <\/em>remains uncertain because the two species show considerable overlap in body size in some areas. Genetic analyses of samples from the past years are ongoing in order to supplement the long time series of size-based identification with genetics-based identification of <em>C. finmarchicus<\/em> and <em>C. glacialis<\/em>. &nbsp;As sea temperatures in the Arctic rise, the body size of <em>Calanus<\/em> copepods is expected to become smaller, potentially increase the size overlap between these two similar species, and increasing the need for genetic supplementation to species identification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Other metadata<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Data are available at the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/data.npolar.no\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Norwegian Polar Institute&#8217;s data service<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Status and trend<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The Kongsfjorden pelagic ecosystem is influenced both by influx of Atlantic\/Arctic waters, and local sea-ice conditions, and consequently the zooplankton community is composed of both Atlantic and Arctic species. The amount of Atlantic water in the West Spitsbergen Current and hence the inflow into Kongsfjorden depends on larger scale climatic factors that affect the North-Atlantic and Fram Strait. Therefore, the composition of zooplankton community in Kongsfjorden might function as a climate indicator on a local scale. Copepods of the genus <em>Calanus<\/em> dominate the mesozooplankton community in Kongsfjorden, both in terms of abundance and biomass. The <em>Calanus<\/em> population consists of three species: the smaller Atlantic <em>Calanus finmarchicus<\/em>, the medium-sized Arctic <em>Calanus glacialis<\/em> and the larger Arctic <em>Calanus hyperboreus<\/em>. The relative abundance of <em>C. finmarchicus<\/em> and <em>C. glacialis<\/em> in Kongsfjorden depends on the inflow of Atlantic water. The larger <em>C. hyperboreus<\/em>, which is a deep-water species, is only present in low numbers in Kongsfjorden and does not contribute much to the total abundance of <em>Calanus<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Years dominated by <em>C. glacialis<\/em> are characterized by lower water temperatures and more landfast sea ice, whereas <em>C. finmarchicus<\/em> dominance usually coincides with periods of increased inflow of Atlantic water leading to higher water temperatures. The years with domination of the cold-water species, <em>C. glacialis<\/em>, were 1999, 2000, 2008 and 2019. In contrast. the Atlantic <em>C. finmarchicus<\/em> was the predominate species in 1997, from 2001 to 2003 and in 2007 until today, except for 2008. The years 2004, 2006 and 2008 were characterized by the almost equal abundance of both <em>Calanus<\/em> species.&nbsp; Since 2021, the relative abundance of <em>C. glacialis<\/em> has declined, and together with <em>C. hyperboreus<\/em> these species contributed only 2 % of the total <em>Calanus <\/em>population at the end of July 2023 and&nbsp; 9.7 % in 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The trend is less pronounced when looking at the relative proportion of Atlantic and Arctic <em>Calanus<\/em> species in terms of biomass. The large Arctic species (<em>C. glacialis<\/em> and <em>C. hyperboreus<\/em>) will contribute more to biomass than the smaller Atlantic species (<em>C. finmarchicus<\/em>) at the corresponding developmental stage. However, there is a large difference in biomass for the different development stages. An adult might have six times as much biomass as a young individual (copepodid stage 2-3). The total biomass is therefore not only dependent on the number of individuals, but also of the stage composition of the different species at the time of sampling. A small increase of larger copepodite stages of <em>C. glacialis<\/em> and <em>C. hyperboreus<\/em> will cause relatively large increase in their proportion of total biomass.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Causal factors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Changes in the zooplankton community structure in Kongsfjorden can be associated with the advection of Atlantic water masses from the adjacent shelf and, thus, the relationship between Atlantic and Arctic water masses in the fjord. There is a significant variability in the degree to which Atlantic water occupies Kongsfjorden. The large interannual variations in <em>Calanus<\/em> abundance and species composition observed in the time series data from Kongsfjorden seem to correlate to changes in hydrography, i.e. warm years favour different species than cold years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Consequences<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The variability in the abundance of <em>C. glacialis<\/em> and <em>C. finmarchicus<\/em> may have implications for the pelagic ecosystem in Kongsfjorden, since variable abundances of these species lead to a shift in the size structure and the amount of energy as lipids available for the next trophic level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Planktivorous seabirds and fish tend to be size selective in search of prey. A decrease of the mean size of available prey through a shift in species composition of the zooplankton may have consequences for predators. For example, the little auk (<em>Alle alle<\/em>) has a strong preference for larger prey items and years with a dominance of the smaller <em>C. finmarchicus<\/em> inside the fjord may force the birds to fly longer distances to find suitable food (e.g. <em>C. glacialis<\/em>), thereby reducing survival and recruitment success. However, for other larger zooplankton, fish and sea birds that don\u2019t have any preference for the larger <em>Calanus<\/em> species it would be the total amount of <em>Calanus <\/em>that effect their success independent on the species composition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">About the monitoring<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The composition of key zooplankton species in Svalbard waters is being monitored because it may be influenced by climate change and can lead to fundamental changes in the marine ecosystem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Places and areas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/stadnamn\/Kongsfjorden?ident=7&amp;lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Kongsfjorden<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relations to other monitoring<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Monitoring programme<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>None<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">International environmental agreements<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>None<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Voluntary international cooperation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>None<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Related monitoring<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>None<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further reading<a href=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/fauna\/marine\/zooplankton-species-composition.html#refs\"><\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Publications<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Daase, M., Falk-Petersen, S., Varpe, \u00d8., Darnis, G., S\u00f8reide, J. E., Wold, A., &#8230; &amp; Fortier, L. (2013). <a href=\"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1139\/cjfas-2012-0401\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Timing of reproductive events in the marine copepod Calanus glacialis: a pan-Arctic perspective<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>70<\/em>(6), 871-884. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/cjfas-2012-0401\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/cjfas-2012-0401<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hop, H., Falk-Petersen, S., Svendsen, H., Kwasniewski, S., Pavlov, V., Pavlova, O., &amp; S\u00f8reide, J. E. (2006). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0079661106001212\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Physical and biological characteristics of the pelagic system across Fram Strait to Kongsfjorden<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Progress in Oceanography<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>71<\/em>(2-4), 182-231. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pocean.2006.09.007\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pocean.2006.09.007<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hop, H., Wold, A., Vihtakari, M., Daase, M., Kwasniewski, S., Gluchowska, M., &#8230; &amp; Falk-Petersen, S. (2019). <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-46425-1_7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Zooplankton in Kongsfjorden (1996\u20132016) in Relation to Climate Change<\/a>. In: Hop, H., &amp; Wiencke, C. (eds) The Ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. <em>Advances in Polar Ecology, vol 2<\/em>. 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