{"id":1098,"date":"2022-04-11T15:15:58","date_gmt":"2022-04-11T13:15:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/indikator\/fauna\/marine-fauna\/krykkje\/"},"modified":"2025-11-20T10:53:45","modified_gmt":"2025-11-20T09:53:45","slug":"black-legged-kittiwake","status":"publish","type":"bc_indicator","link":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/indikator\/fauna\/marine-fauna\/black-legged-kittiwake\/","title":{"rendered":"Black-legged kittiwake"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-sizing-small\">Last updated 20 May 2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The black-legged kittiwake (<em>Rissa tridactyla<\/em>) obtains its food from the sea surface and hence functions as an indicator for this part of the marine ecosystem. This pelagic gull constitutes a large proportion of the seabirds, both in terms of biomass and food consumption, and is widespread across Svalbard and the rest of the Arctic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1281\" src=\"http:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/krykkje-bjornoya-mkj-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-62520\" style=\"width:1200px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/krykkje-bjornoya-mkj-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/krykkje-bjornoya-mkj-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/krykkje-bjornoya-mkj-1024x512.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/krykkje-bjornoya-mkj-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/krykkje-bjornoya-mkj-1536x768.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/krykkje-bjornoya-mkj-2048x1025.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Kittiwakes breeding at Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya, Svalbard. Photo: Malin Kjellstadli Johansen \/ Norwegian Polar Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-white-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-sizing-medium\">What is being monitored?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-mosj-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-mosj-yellow-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-sizing-medium\">Population size on Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya and Spitsbergen<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"157\"\n     style=\"height: 600px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 150px\">\n         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class=\"wdt-static-background\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style>\n    \n<\/style>    <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n        if (typeof (wpDataCharts) == 'undefined') wpDataCharts = {};\n        wpDataCharts[157] = {\n            render_data: {\"wdtNumberFormat\":\"1\",\"options\":{\"title\":{\"text\":\"Black-legged kittiwake population size, as percentage of the average in the 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(%)\"},\"crosshair\":false,\"min\":0},[],[],[],[],[],[],[]],\"chart\":{\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"borderWidth\":0,\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":0,\"zoomType\":\"none\",\"panning\":false,\"panKey\":\"shift\",\"plotBackgroundColor\":\"\",\"plotBackgroundImage\":\"\",\"plotBorderColor\":\"\",\"plotBorderWidth\":0,\"inverted\":false},\"subtitle\":{\"text\":\"\",\"align\":\"center\"},\"tooltip\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"rgba(255,255,255,0.85)\",\"borderWidth\":\"1\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"3\",\"shared\":true,\"valuePrefix\":\"\",\"valueSuffix\":\"\"},\"legend\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"title\":{\"text\":\"\"},\"layout\":\"horizontal\",\"align\":\"center\",\"verticalAlign\":\"bottom\",\"borderWidth\":\"0\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"0\"},\"exporting\":{\"enabled\":true,\"chartOptions\":{\"plotOptions\":{\"series\":{\"dataLabels\":{\"enabled\":false}}}},\"filename\":\"\",\"width\":\"\",\"buttons\":{\"contextButton\":{\"align\":\"right\",\"verticalAlign\":\"top\",\"symbolStroke\":\"#666\",\"text\":\"\"}}},\"credits\":{\"enabled\":true,\"href\":\"\",\"text\":\"Data: Norwegian Polar Institute\"}},\"type\":\"highcharts_line_chart\",\"height\":600},\n            engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_line_chart\",\n            title: \"Black-legged kittiwake population size, as percentage of the average in the colony\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_157\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 159,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_157\" class=\"highcharts_line_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">For each colony, the population size is shown as a percentage of the average in the colony during the entire monitoring period. The time series represents active nests in delimited parts of the colony,&nbsp;so-called monitoring plots. The time series for the different colonies can be on different scales, therefore, by using percentage of the average the time series can be shown on a common scale. The kittiwake population on Spitsbergen and on Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya declined in the years leading up to the mid-2000s. Most of the colonies and have since been stable.<br>(<em>Cite these data: Norwegian Polar In<\/em><em>stitute (2025). Black-legged kittiwake population size, as percentage of the average in the colony. Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ). URL: <\/em>https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/indikator\/fauna\/marine-fauna\/black-legged-kittiwake\/)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-pb-accordion-item c-accordion__item js-accordion-item no-js\" data-initially-open=\"false\" data-click-to-close=\"true\" data-auto-close=\"false\" data-scroll=\"false\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><h2 id=\"at-10981\" class=\"c-accordion__title js-accordion-controller\" role=\"button\">Details on these data<\/h2><div id=\"ac-10981\" class=\"c-accordion__content\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Last updated<\/strong><\/td><td>20 May 2025<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Update interval<\/strong><\/td><td>Yearly<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Next update<\/strong><\/td><td>April 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Commissioning organization<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.regjeringen.no\/en\/dep\/kld\/id668\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ministry of Climate and Environment<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Executive organization<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Norwegian Polar Institute<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Contact persons<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/people\/sebastien.descamps\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">S\u00e9bastien Descamps<\/a><br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/people\/hallvard.strom\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hallvard Str\u00f8m<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Method<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Monitoring of colonies on Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya, Alkefjellet (Hinlopen) and five colonies on Spitsbergen Ossian Sarsfjellet (Kongsfjorden), Fuglehuken (Forlandet) and Alkhornet, Tschermakfjellet and Grumant (Isfjorden). Some monitoring was previously conducted in the colonies in Sofiekammen and on Amsterdam\u00f8ya on the west coast of Spitsbergen, but this work has not been continued since 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Three counts of each plot are made 1-4 times per season, from late incubating to early rearing period. Counts are made with 10\u00d740 binoculars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quality<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The method is internationally standardized (Walsh et al. 1995) and is also standardized with the SEAPOP Norwegian monitoring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Other metadata<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">All data are stored in the Norwegian Polar Institute&#8217;s seabird database, as well as in SEAPOP&#8217;s databases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reference level and action level<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Norwegian Red List status: The black-legged kittiwake on Svalbard is classified as <em>Near Threatened<\/em> (NT) based on criterion A2 (a 15\u201330% reduction in population size over the last three generations) in the Norwegian Red List for Species 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Barents Sea Management Plan (monitoring group): a reduction in the population of 20 % or more for more than 5 years, or unsuccessful breeding 5 years in a row.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Status and trend<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The kittiwake population on Svalbard has shown a complex dynamic over the pat decades. The population increased during the 1990s, followed by a decline in the following decade. From the mid-2000s, most colonies began to increase again and\/or stabilize. However, since around 2020, the trend has become more negative for the kittiwake population on Svalbard, with many colonies once again declining. The outbreak of avian influenza, which spread among seabird populations from 2021 onwards, is likely to explain at least part of this decline.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">On mainland Norway the species is in steep decline, and black-legged kittiwakes are assessed as &nbsp;<em>Endangered<\/em>&nbsp;(EN) on the mainland and&nbsp;<em>Near threatened<\/em>&nbsp;(NT) on Svalbard in the Norwegian Red List for Species 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Causal factors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The reason for the decline in some Svalbard colonies of kittiwakes is not known. Avian influenza has likely had a negative impact on some colonies in recent years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Consequences<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Considering that the overall status and trend of black-legged kittiwakes in Svalbard is unclear, the consequences for other parts of the ecosystems in Svalbard are also unclear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">About the monitoring<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The black-legged kittiwake is the most numerous species of gull in the world and the most oceanic in its habits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">In Svalbard, the black-legged kittiwake is a common breeding species in all parts of the archipelago. The black-legged kittiwake is a surface-feeding bird&nbsp;(in contrast to other sea birds) that mainly feeds on invertebrates and small fish, but it also scavenges offal or discarded fish behind fishing boats. Chicks are fed regurgitated food. In Svalbard, capelin, polar cod, amphipods and euphausiids are common components of their diet. The total breeding population is estimated to be&nbsp;270,000 pairs, of which&nbsp;ca 90,000 pairs&nbsp;breed on Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Black-legged kittiwakes are monitored on Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya and in western Spitsbergen. The size of several colonies is estimated annually in order to detect short- and long-term changes in population size. Moreover, to explain and even predict those changes, several other parameters are monitored such as the annual adult survival and the average breeding success.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition, studies using GLS (light loggers) and GPS loggers are used to study activity patterns, migration routes and winter ecology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Places and areas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/stadnamn\/Bj%C3%B8rn%C3%B8ya+naturreservat?ident=16728&amp;lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya nature reserve<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/stadnamn\/Fuglehuken?ident=4180&amp;lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Prins Karl Forland (Fuglehuken)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/stadnamn\/Ossian+Sarsfjellet?ident=10902&amp;lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Kongsfjorden (Ossian Sarsfjellet)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/placename\/3acda791-2609-58d1-8a98-d0009eaf59ad?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\">Isfjorden (Grumant, Diabasodden, Tschermakfjellet, Alkhornet)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relations to other monitoring<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Monitoring programme<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.seapop.no\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">SEAPOP \u2013 Monitoring and mapping programme for Norwegian seabirds<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/no\/arktis\/barentshavet\/forvaltningsplan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Management plan for the Barents Sea&nbsp;<em>(in Norwegian)<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">International environmental agreements<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-sizing-medium\">\n<li>None<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Voluntary international cooperation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-sizing-medium\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.caff.is\/seabirds-cbird\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><abbr title=\"Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna\">CAFF<\/abbr>&nbsp;Circumpolar Seabird Group (CBird)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Related monitoring<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-sizing-medium\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.seapop.no\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">SEAPOP \u2013 Monitoring and mapping programme for Norwegian seabirds<\/a><br>The SEAPOP programme also collects data on the annual reproduction success of kittiwakes and the diet of kittiwake chicks on Spitsbergen and Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further reading<a href=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/fauna\/marine\/zooplankton-species-composition.html#refs\"><\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Links<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-sizing-medium\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.seapop.no\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">SEAPOP \u2013 Monitoring and mapping programme for Norwegian seabirds<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/species\/black-legged-kittiwake\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Facts about kittiwake<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Publications<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Artsdatabanken (2021, 24. november). Norsk r\u00f8dliste for arter 2021. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.artsdatabanken.no\/lister\/rodlisteforarter\/2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/www.artsdatabanken.no\/lister\/rodlisteforarter\/2021<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Anker-Nilssen,&nbsp;T.,&nbsp;&amp; Str\u00f8m,&nbsp;H.&nbsp;(2010).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/data.npolar.no\/publication\/f6004eae-2745-42d5-a728-ea2e66362980\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nytt klima for sj\u00f8fugl?<\/a>&nbsp;Sj\u00f8fugl &#8211; Speiler havets tilstand &#8211; Ottar 5\/2010. <em>Ottar&nbsp;283<\/em>:&nbsp;73\u201381.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Descamps, S., Anker\u2010Nilssen, T., Barrett, R. T., Irons, D. B., Merkel, F., Robertson, G. J., &#8230; &amp; Zelenskaya, L. (2017). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.13715\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Circumpolar dynamics of a marine top\u2010predator track ocean warming rates.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Global Change Biology<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>23<\/em>(9), 3770-3780. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.13715\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.13715<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Descamps, S., &amp; Ram\u00edrez, F. (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ddi.13389\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Species and spatial variation in the effects of sea ice on Arctic seabird populations.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Diversity and Distributions<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>27<\/em>(11), 2204-2217. <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/ddi.13389\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ddi.13389<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Descamps,&nbsp;S.,&nbsp;&amp; Str\u00f8m,&nbsp;H.&nbsp;(2021).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/data.npolar.no\/publication\/3cd297cc-5e28-4612-90ae-41ffe9f5ff3f\">As the Arctic becomes boreal: ongoing shifts in a high\u2010Arctic seabird community<\/a>. <em>Ecology<\/em>&nbsp;102(11):e03485. <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/ecy.3485\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ecy.3485<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Frederiksen, M., Edwards, M., Mavor, R. A., &amp; Wanless, S. (2007). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/meps07126\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Regional and annual variation in black-legged kittiwake breeding productivity is related to sea surface temperature.<\/a> <em>Marine Ecology Progress Series,&nbsp;350<\/em>,&nbsp;137\u2013143. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/meps07126\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/meps07126<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Frederiksen, M., Wanless, S., Harris, M. P., Rothery, P., &amp; Wilson, L. J. (2004). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0021-8901.2004.00966.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The role of industrial fisheries and oceanographic change in the decline of North Sea black\u2010legged kittiwakes.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Journal of Applied Ecology<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>41<\/em>(6), 1129-1139. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0021-8901.2004.00966.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0021-8901.2004.00966.x<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Frederiksen, M., Moe, B., Daunt, F., Phillips, R. A., Barrett, R. T., Bogdanova, M. I., &#8230; &amp; Anker\u2010Nilssen, T. (2012). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1472-4642.2011.00864.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Multicolony tracking reveals the winter distribution of a pelagic seabird on an ocean basin scale.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Diversity and distributions<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>18<\/em>(6), 530-542. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1472-4642.2011.00864.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1472-4642.2011.00864.x<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lorentsen,&nbsp;S.-H.,&nbsp;&amp; Str\u00f8m,&nbsp;H.&nbsp;(2010).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/data.npolar.no\/publication\/38541143-9afa-4386-bc1f-b3c254e1351d\">Status for sj\u00f8fuglene i Norge<\/a>. Sj\u00f8fugl &#8211; Speiler havets tilstand &#8211; Ottar 5\/2010. <em>Ottar&nbsp;283<\/em>:&nbsp;28\u201335.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sandvik, H., Erikstad, K. E., Barrett, R. T., &amp; Yoccoz, N. G. (2005). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2005.00981\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The effect of climate on adult survival in five species of North Atlantic seabirds.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Journal of Animal Ecology<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>74<\/em>(5), 817-831. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2005.00981\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2005.00981<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Str\u00f8m, H. 2006. Black legged kittiwake. In: Kovacs, K. M. and Lydersen, C. (eds.): Birds and Mammals of Svalbard. Troms\u00f8, Norwegian Polar Institute.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Walsh, P. M., Halley, D. J., Harris, M. P., Del Nevo, A., Sim, I. M. W., &amp; Tasker, M. L. (1995).&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/8798\/1\/Bird1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Seabird monitoring handbook for Britain and Ireland: a compilation of methods for survey and monitoring of breeding seabirds<\/a><\/em>. JNCC\/RSPB\/ITE\/Seabird Group. Published by JNCC \/ RSPB \/ ITE \/ Seabird Group, Peterborough.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":62520,"parent":1024,"menu_order":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-1098","bc_indicator","type-bc_indicator","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1098","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/bc_indicator"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1098\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":63952,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1098\/revisions\/63952"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1024"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/62520"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1098"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}