{"id":1106,"date":"2022-04-11T15:18:24","date_gmt":"2022-04-11T13:18:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/indikator\/fauna\/marine-fauna\/polarlomvi\/"},"modified":"2025-11-20T10:54:35","modified_gmt":"2025-11-20T09:54:35","slug":"brunnichs-guillemot","status":"publish","type":"bc_indicator","link":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/indikator\/fauna\/marine-fauna\/brunnichs-guillemot\/","title":{"rendered":"Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemot"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-sizing-small\">Last updated 21 May 2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Since the Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemot (<em>Uria lomvia<\/em>) feeds on key species in the ecosystem (for example polar cod) and is so abundant, it may be a good indicator for the productivity of the ecosystem. The Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemot makes up the largest proportion of the seabird biomass in the Barents Sea (over 60%). The species is considered as <em>vulnerable<\/em> (VU) in Svalbard and <em>critically endangered<\/em> (CR) on mainland Norway for the Norwegian Red List for Species 2021. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"960\" src=\"http:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/dsc08804-3-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-62544\" style=\"width:1200px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/dsc08804-3-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/dsc08804-3-300x113.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/dsc08804-3-1024x384.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/dsc08804-3-768x288.jpg 768w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/dsc08804-3-1536x576.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/dsc08804-3-2048x768.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/dsc08804-3-684x257.jpg 684w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Br\u00fcnnich&#8217;s guillemots breeding at Alkefjellet, Svalbard. Photo: Malin Kjellstadli Johansen \/ Norwegian Polar Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-white-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-sizing-medium\">What is being monitored?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-mosj-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-mosj-yellow-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-sizing-medium\">Breeding population on Svalbard and Jan Mayen<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"275\"\n     style=\"height: 600px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 150px\">\n            <div 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\"wpDataChart_275\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 156,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_275\" class=\"highcharts_line_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">The figure shows the trend in the breeding population of Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemots in selected colonies on Spitsbergen, Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya and Jan Mayen. For each colony, the population size is shown as a percentage of the average in the colony during the entire monitoring period. The time series represents active nests in delimited parts of the colony,&nbsp;so-called plots. The time series for the different colonies can be on different scales, therefore, by using percentage of the average the time series can be shown on a common scale.The population has declined in all the monitored colonies on Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya and west coast of Spitsbergen, the decline is around 4% per year. The same trend appears to be present on Jan Mayen, even though the time series here is still short. The colony survey on Alkefjellet indicates that the population is increasing on the east coast of Spitsbergen, however, the timeseries is short.<br>(<em>Cite these data: Norwegian Polar Institute (2025). Br\u00fcnnich&#8217;s guillemot breeding populations, percentage of colony average. Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ). URL: https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/indikator\/fauna\/marine-fauna\/brunnichs-guillemot\/<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-pb-accordion-item c-accordion__item js-accordion-item no-js\" data-initially-open=\"false\" data-click-to-close=\"true\" data-auto-close=\"false\" data-scroll=\"false\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><h2 id=\"at-11061\" class=\"c-accordion__title js-accordion-controller\" role=\"button\">Details on these data<\/h2><div id=\"ac-11061\" class=\"c-accordion__content\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Last updated<\/strong><\/td><td>21 May 2025<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Update interval<\/strong><\/td><td>Yearly<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Next update<\/strong><\/td><td>April 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Commissioning organization<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.regjeringen.no\/en\/dep\/kld\/id668\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ministry of Climate and Environment<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Executive organization<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Norwegian Polar Institute<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Contact persons<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/people\/hallvard.strom\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hallvard Str\u00f8m<\/a><br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/people\/sebastien.descamps\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">S\u00e9bastien Descamps<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Method<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>3 counts of each plot are made 1\u20138 times per season, from late incubating to early chick rearing period. Counts are made with 10\u00d740 binoculars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Monitoring takes place in six colonies on the west coast of Spitsbergen: Ossian Sarsfjellet (Kongsfjorden), Fuglehuken (Prins Karls Forland), and Alkhornet, Tschermakfjellet, Grumant and Diabasodden (Isfjorden), one on the east coast of Spitsbergen (Alkefjellet in Hinlopenstredet) and on Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya and Jan Mayen. Some monitoring was previously conducted in the colonies in Sofiekammen, Midtrehuken, Ingeborgfjellet and on Amsterdam\u00f8ya on the west coast of Spitsbergen, but this work has not been continued since 2002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On Spitsbergen, counts are mostly conducted in the western part. Monitoring started in eastern Svalbard in 2015 and is only conducted in one colony. Thus, the data is limited, and there is not enough data yet to assess the trend of Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemots in East Svalbard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quality<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The method is internationally standardized (Walsh et al. 1995) and is also standardized with the SEAPOP Norwegian monitoring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Other metadata<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">All data are stored in the Norwegian Polar Institute\u2019s seabird database, and in SEAPOP&#8217;s databases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reference level and action level<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Red List status: The species is classified as Vulnerable (VU) on Svalbard in the Norwegian Red List for Species 2021. The assessment is based on a population decline of 30\u201350% over the last three generations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Barents Sea Management Plan (monitoring group): a reduction in the population of 20% or more during more than&nbsp;5 years, or unsuccessful breeding&nbsp;5 years&nbsp;in a row.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Status and trend<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">In all,&nbsp;142 colonies&nbsp;are known in Svalbard, with a total breeding population estimation of 615,000 pairs. The largest colonies (&gt; 100,000 pairs) are situated in the southeastern part of Spitsbergen (Koval&#8217;skifjella and Stellingfjellet) and on Hopen and Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya. More than 80 % of the Svalbard population breeds within this &#8220;triangle&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Following a period of relative stability or increase, the breeding population of Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemots has been declining by ca 4% per year since the mid-nineties. This decline has been observed in all the monitored colonies on West-Spitsbergen, Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya and Jan Mayen. An equival trend has been observed in Finnmark colonies (mainland Norway). Trends for colonies in East-Svalbard are currently unknown.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The species is listed as <em>Critical Endangered<\/em> (EN) on mainland Norway and <em>Vulnerable<\/em> (VU) on Svalbard in the Norwegian Red List for Species 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Causal factors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The cause of the Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemot decline in Svalbard is likely connected to the warming of oceans in the species\u2019 winter habitats near Iceland and Greenland. Here the warming most likely has led to changes in the food web and different access to prey for the Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemots are hunted in Greenland, but the hunting pressure has been decreasing since 2001. Harvesting is therefore probably not causing the recent Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemot decline in Svalbard, even though it contributes negatively. By-catch of guillemots in fishing gear and\/or oil pollution may also contribute to the decline in the population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemots breeding on the west coast of Spitsbergen and Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya overwinter in the North Atlantic. In contrast, those breeding at Alkefjellet overwinter in the Barents Sea. This difference in overwintering area may help explain the variation in population trends.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Consequences<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">All colonies of Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemots monitored in western Spitsbergen, Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya and Jan Mayen show signs of decline since the mid-1990s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The number of breeding birds has declined by approximately 4%&nbsp;per year. This means that the size of the Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemot population has probably declined by a third in the last decade, at least on Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya and western parts of Spitsbergen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemots play an important role in the ecology of Svalbard through their transport of large amounts of nutrients from the marine environment to the terrestrial environment, when they fertilize local areas of tundra with their guano (excrement). A reduction in the breeding population may thus reduce this nutrition &#8220;pump&#8221;, which may have consequences for the terrestrial environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">About the monitoring<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemot is one of the most numerous seabirds in Svalbard, and breeds in dense colonies all over the archipelago. The diet of adult Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemots is more varied than that of common guillemots. It consists mainly of fish and crustaceans, but during the breeding season, chicks are essentially fed with fish, such as polar cod (the most important prey item in Spitsbergen) or capelin (the most important prey item on Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemots are thus considered to be a good indicator of the availability of pelagic fish stocks. They are also very sensitive to oil spills and by-catching in fishing nets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemots are monitored on Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya and the west coast of Spitsbergen since 1988, on the east coast of Spitsbergen since 2015, and on Jan Mayen since 2011. The size of several colonies is estimated annually in order to detect short- and long-term changes in population size. Moreover, to explain and even predict those changes, several other parameters are monitored annually. This includes the annual adult survival and breeding success.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In each monitored colony, the total number of Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemots present in some study plots is counted annually. This represents the best and internationally accepted method to detect changes in a Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemot colony, and thus the population size.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition, studies using GLS (light loggers) are used to study activity patterns, migration routes and winter ecology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Places and areas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Fuglehuken is one of the largest Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemot colony on western Spitsbergen and Alkefjellet is one of the biggest on eastern Spitsbergen. Ossian Sarsfjellet is located innermost in Kongsfjorden and is easily accessible from Ny-\u00c5lesund. Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya has one of the largest Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemot colonies in Svalbard, and the southernmost. Jan Mayen is an important breeding location for Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemot in the North Atlantic. Colonies are spread around the entire island, but colonies in the north are particularly large. The monitoring takes place on the islands east coast, not too far from the island\u2019s meteorological and military station.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/stadnamn\/Fuglehuken?ident=4180&amp;lang=en\">Prins Karls Forland (Fuglehuken)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/stadnamn\/Ossian+Sarsfjellet?ident=10902&amp;lang=en\">Kongsfjorden (Ossian Sarsfjellet)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/data.npolar.no\/placename\/3acda791-2609-58d1-8a98-d0009eaf59ad\">Isfjorden (Grumant, Diabasodden, Tschermakfjellet, Alkhornet)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/placename\/49bf4a93-fa6e-5fce-8608-2471b671d859\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Alkefjellet<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/stadnamn\/Bj%C3%B8rn%C3%B8ya?lang=en\">Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/stadnamn\/Jan+Mayen?ident=18491&amp;lang=en\">Jan Mayen<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relations to other monitoring<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Monitoring programme<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.seapop.no\/en\/\">SEAPOP \u2013 Monitoring and mapping programme for Norwegian seabirds<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.regjeringen.no\/en\/dokumenter\/meld.-st.-21-20232024\/id3032474\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Norway\u2019s integrated ocean management plans<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">International environmental agreements<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>None<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Voluntary international cooperation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.caff.is\/seabirds-cbird\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><abbr title=\"Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna\">CAFF<\/abbr>&nbsp;Circumpolar Seabird Group (CBird)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Related monitoring<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/influence\/pollution\/pollution-brunnich-guillemot.html\">Pollutants in Br\u00fcnnich&#8217;s guillemot<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Additional studies (not part of the MOSJ monitoring) have also focused on the winter foraging ecology and migration routes of Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemots through the use of external loggers (e.g. temperature\u2013depth recorders and geolocators, <a href=\"https:\/\/seatrack.net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">SEATRACK<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further reading<a href=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/fauna\/marine\/zooplankton-species-composition.html#refs\"><\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Links<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.seapop.no\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">SEAPOP \u2013 Monitoring and mapping programme for Norwegian seabirds<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/species\/brunnichs-guillemot.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Facts about the Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemot<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Publications<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Artsdatabanken (2021, 24. november). Norsk r\u00f8dliste for arter 2021. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.artsdatabanken.no\/lister\/rodlisteforarter\/2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/www.artsdatabanken.no\/lister\/rodlisteforarter\/2021<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Anker-Nilssen,&nbsp;T.,&nbsp;&amp; Str\u00f8m,&nbsp;H.&nbsp;(2010).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/data.npolar.no\/publication\/f6004eae-2745-42d5-a728-ea2e66362980\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nytt klima for sj\u00f8fugl?<\/a>&nbsp;Sj\u00f8fugl &#8211; Speiler havets tilstand &#8211; Ottar 5\/2010.<em> Ottar&nbsp;283<\/em>:&nbsp;73\u201381.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Descamps, S., Str\u00f8m, H., &amp; Steen, H. (2013). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00442-013-2701-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Decline of an arctic top predator: synchrony in colony size fluctuations, risk of extinction and the subpolar gyre.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Oecologia<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>173<\/em>, 1271-1282. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00442-013-2701-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00442-013-2701-0<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Descamps, S., &amp; Ram\u00edrez, F. (2021).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ddi.13389\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Species and spatial variation in the effects of sea ice on Arctic seabird populations.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Diversity and Distributions<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>27<\/em>(11), 2204-2217.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/ddi.13389\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ddi.13389<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Descamps,&nbsp;S.,&nbsp;&amp; Str\u00f8m,&nbsp;H.&nbsp;(2021).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/data.npolar.no\/publication\/3cd297cc-5e28-4612-90ae-41ffe9f5ff3f\">As the Arctic becomes boreal: ongoing shifts in a high\u2010Arctic seabird community<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Ecology<\/em>&nbsp;102(11):e03485.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/ecy.3485\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ecy.3485<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fluhr, J., Str\u00f8m, H., Pradel, R., Duriez, O., Beaugrand, G., &amp; Descamps, S. (2017). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/meps11982\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Weakening of the subpolar gyre as a key driver of North Atlantic seabird demography: a case study with Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemots in Svalbard.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Marine Ecology Progress Series<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>563<\/em>, 1-11. <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3354\/meps11982\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/meps11982<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Frederiksen, M., Descamps, S., Erikstad, K. E., Gaston, A. J., Gilchrist, H. G., Gr\u00e9millet, D., &#8230; &amp; Th\u00f3rarinsson, T. L. (2016). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.05.011\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Migration and wintering of a declining seabird, the thick-billed murre Uria lomvia, on an ocean basin scale: Conservation implications.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Biological Conservation<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>200<\/em>, 26-35. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.05.011\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.05.011<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gaston, A. J., Gilchrist, H. G., &amp; Hipfner, J. M. (2005). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2005.00982.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Climate change, ice conditions and reproduction in an Arctic nesting marine bird: Brunnich&#8217;s guillemot (Uria lomvia L.).<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Journal of Animal Ecology<\/em>, 832-841. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2005.00982.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2005.00982.x<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Irons, D. B., Anker-Nilssen, T., Gaston, A. J., Byrd, G. V., Falk, K., Gilchrist, G., &#8230; &amp; Wohl, K. D. (2008). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2008.01581.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Fluctuations in circumpolar seabird populations linked to climate oscillations.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Global Change Biology<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>14<\/em>(7), 1455-1463. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2008.01581.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2008.01581.x<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lorentsen, S.-H., Anker-Nilssen, T., Str\u00f8m, H. 2010. Bestandsutvikling hos sj\u00f8fugl. Pp. 38\u201346 in: Sunnana, K., Fossheim, M., Olseng, C.D. (eds.): Forvaltningsplan Barentshavet \u2013 rapport fra overvakingsgruppen 2010. Fisken og havet 1b-2010. Institute of Marine Research (IMR).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Str\u00f8m, H. (2006). Br\u00fcnnich&#8217;s guillemot. In: Kovacs, K.M. &amp; Lydersen, C. (eds.): Birds and mammals of Svalbard. Troms\u00f8, Norwegian Polar Institute.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sandvik,&nbsp;H., Erikstad,&nbsp;K.E., Barrett,&nbsp;R.T., &amp; Yoccoz,&nbsp;N.G. (2005).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/data.npolar.no\/publication\/42506140-608a-4dbd-bfe9-8899c60aee9b\">The effect of climate on adult survival in five species of North Atlantic seabirds<\/a>. <em>Journal of Animal Ecology&nbsp;74<\/em>(5):&nbsp;817\u2013831.<br><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2005.00981\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2005.00981<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Walsh, P. M., Halley, D. J., Harris, M. P., Del Nevo, A., Sim, I. M. W., &amp; Tasker, M. L. (1995).&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/8798\/1\/Bird1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Seabird monitoring handbook for Britain and Ireland: a compilation of methods for survey and monitoring of breeding seabirds<\/a><\/em>. JNCC\/RSPB\/ITE\/Seabird Group. Published by JNCC \/ RSPB \/ ITE \/ Seabird Group, Peterborough.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":62544,"parent":1024,"menu_order":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-1106","bc_indicator","type-bc_indicator","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1106","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/bc_indicator"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1106\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":63954,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1106\/revisions\/63954"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1024"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/62544"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1106"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}