{"id":1111,"date":"2022-04-11T15:19:02","date_gmt":"2022-04-11T13:19:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/indikator\/fauna\/marine-fauna\/polarmake\/"},"modified":"2026-03-26T13:17:56","modified_gmt":"2026-03-26T12:17:56","slug":"glaucous-gull","status":"publish","type":"bc_indicator","link":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/indikator\/fauna\/marine-fauna\/glaucous-gull\/","title":{"rendered":"Glaucous gull"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-sizing-small\">Last updated 20 May 2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The glaucous gull (<em>Larus hyperboreus<\/em>) has a circumpolar, high-Arctic distribution and breeds throughout Svalbard. It is a generalist that exploits many different kinds of prey such as fish, molluscs, sea urchins, crustaceans, eggs, chicks and adults of other seabirds, as well as insects, carcasses and rubbish. The glaucous gull&#8217;s position uppermost in the food chain makes it susceptible to pollutants, and the species is listed as <em>Vulnerable <\/em>(VU) in the 2021 Norwegian Red List due to small population size and ongoing decline.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"960\" src=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/dsc00838-1-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-64079\" style=\"object-fit:cover;width:1200px;height:450px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/dsc00838-1-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/dsc00838-1-300x113.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/dsc00838-1-1024x384.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/dsc00838-1-768x288.jpg 768w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/dsc00838-1-1536x576.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/dsc00838-1-2048x768.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/dsc00838-1-684x257.jpg 684w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Glaucous gull with three chicks on Alkefjellet, Svalbard. Photo: Malin Kjellstadli Johansen \/ Norwegian Polar Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-white-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-sizing-medium\">What is being monitored?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-mosj-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-mosj-yellow-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-sizing-medium\">Breeding population on Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya and in Kongsfjorden<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"153\"\n     style=\"height: 400px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n 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wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5 wdt-chart-four\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6 wdt-chart-five\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-static-background\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style>\n    \n<\/style>    <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n        if (typeof (wpDataCharts) == 'undefined') wpDataCharts = {};\n        wpDataCharts[153] = {\n            render_data: {\"wdtNumberFormat\":\"1\",\"options\":{\"title\":{\"text\":\"Glaucous gull population, as percentage of the average in the 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colony\"},\"crosshair\":false},[]],\"chart\":{\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"borderWidth\":0,\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":0,\"zoomType\":\"none\",\"panning\":false,\"panKey\":\"shift\",\"plotBackgroundColor\":\"\",\"plotBackgroundImage\":\"\",\"plotBorderColor\":\"\",\"plotBorderWidth\":0,\"inverted\":false},\"subtitle\":{\"text\":\"\",\"align\":\"center\"},\"tooltip\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"rgba(255,255,255,0.85)\",\"borderWidth\":\"1\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":3,\"shared\":true,\"valuePrefix\":\"\",\"valueSuffix\":\"\"},\"legend\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"title\":{\"text\":\"\"},\"layout\":\"horizontal\",\"align\":\"center\",\"verticalAlign\":\"bottom\",\"borderWidth\":\"0\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"0\"},\"exporting\":{\"enabled\":true,\"chartOptions\":{\"plotOptions\":{\"series\":{\"dataLabels\":{\"enabled\":false}}}},\"filename\":\"\",\"width\":\"\",\"buttons\":{\"contextButton\":{\"align\":\"right\",\"verticalAlign\":\"top\",\"symbolStroke\":\"#666\",\"text\":\"\"}}},\"credits\":{\"enabled\":true,\"href\":\"\",\"text\":\"Data: Norwegian Polar Institute\"}},\"type\":\"highcharts_line_chart\",\"height\":400},\n            engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_line_chart\",\n            title: \"Glaucous gull population, as percentage of the average in the colony\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_153\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 155,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_153\" class=\"highcharts_line_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">The figure shows the development of the breeding population of glaucous gulls in the study areas on Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya and in Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen. The numbers have greatly declined on Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya since monitoring started in 1987. While the population in Kongsfjorden is stable\/increasing. <br>The times series represents number of active nests. The series for each colony is on different scales. By using percentage of the average, the series can be shown on a common scale.<br>(<em>Cite these data: Norwegian Polar Institute (2025). Glaucous gull population, as percentage of the average in the colony. Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ). URL: https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/fauna\/marine\/glaucous-gull.html<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-pb-accordion-item c-accordion__item js-accordion-item no-js\" data-initially-open=\"false\" data-click-to-close=\"true\" data-auto-close=\"false\" data-scroll=\"false\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><h2 id=\"at-11111\" class=\"c-accordion__title js-accordion-controller\" role=\"button\">Details on these data<\/h2><div id=\"ac-11111\" class=\"c-accordion__content\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Last updated<\/strong><\/td><td>20 May 2025<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Update interval<\/strong><\/td><td>Yearly<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Next update<\/strong><\/td><td>April 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Commissioning organization<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.regjeringen.no\/en\/dep\/kld\/id668\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ministry of Climate and Environment<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Executive organization<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Norwegian Polar Institute<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Contact persons<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/people\/hallvard.strom\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hallvard Str\u00f8m<\/a><br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/people\/sebastien.descamps\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">S\u00e9bastien Descamps<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Method<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The total number of active nests is counted in the breeding season on Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya (Kapp Kolthoff) and in Kongsfjorden. A sample of nests in each area is monitored throughout the breeding season in order to measure breeding success. Adult birds are ringed and coded, and the rings are read in subsequent years to measure survival rates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quality<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The method is internationally standardised (Walsh et al. 1995) and also standardised within the national monitoring programme and SEAPOP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Other metadata<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">All the data are stored in the Norwegian Polar Institute&#8217;s seabird database. In addition, the aggregated data are stored in the SEAPOP databases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reference level and action level<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Norwegian Red List status: The glaucous gull is classified as <em>Vulnerable<\/em> (VU) based on criterion C1 (fewer than 10,000 individuals and an ongoing population decline of more than 10% over three generations) in the Norwegian Red List for Species 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The Management Plan for the Barents Sea (monitoring group) defines the action level as a 20% or more decline in the population over&nbsp;5 years, or unsuccessful breeding for&nbsp;5 years&nbsp;in succession.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Status and trend<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The breeding population of glaucous gulls on Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya has declined significantly over the past&nbsp;30 years. The population was estimated at around 2,000 pairs in 1980. In 1986, during a complete census of the seabird populations on the island, the population was estimated at approximately 2,350 individuals \u2013 roughly half of the estimate from six years earlier. A new complete census in 2006 recorded around 700 breeding pairs. This represented a reduction of approximately 65% over the three decades leading up to 2005. Since 2005, the number of breeding glaucous gulls on Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya has stabilized, but at a significantly lower level than before.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The species was previously monitored only on Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya. In 2005, monitoring was established in Kongsfjorden, where the number of glaucous gulls has increased significantly and has remained stable in recent years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The status of the species elsewhere in Svalbard is poorly known. The glaucous gull is known to be declining in other parts of the Arctic, including Iceland and Canada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Causal factors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Several factors are probably affecting the glaucous gull population on Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya and have contributed to its decline. The most important are likely:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pollutants<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Shortage of food<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Predation by a growing arctic fox population<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Increasing competition with great skuas is also a potential factor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Dead and dying glaucous gulls have been found on Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya in the breeding season since the 1970s. Autopsies and analyses of tissue samples from these birds have revealed very high levels of various pollutants in their brain and liver. Even though the cause of death cannot be determined with certainty, high pollutant levels are likely to be responsible, either directly (physiologically) or indirectly through, for example, impaired fitness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">A series of studies documented negative effects of pollutants on several demographic parameters, including breeding success and survival of chicks and adult birds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The collapse of the common guillemot population in 1986\u201387 removed a large part of the food base for glaucous gulls which live on eggs, chicks and adults of this species. This may have been a contributory cause of the population decline in the 1980s and 1990s. The common guillemot population has recovered since.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">For many years, the arctic fox population on Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya was very small, due to intensive hunting. It has, however, been increasing since 2000, and foxes are now breeding in several places on the island. Arctic foxes take glaucous gull eggs and chicks and may contribute to the population decline by reducing the breeding success. This may be a particularly important factor for glaucous gulls that are debilitated due to high levels of pollutants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The great skua began breeding on Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya in 1971. The population has grown greatly since then and now amounts to at least&nbsp;500 pairs. The great skua is a top predator like the glaucous gull, and to a great degree the two species have an overlapping choice of food. Competition from the growing great skua population may also be a factor contributing to the population decline of the glaucous gull. However, studies to substantiate this are lacking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is not known why the glaucous gull population in Kongsfjorden has increased over the past 20 years. Less pollution from environmental contaminants may have contributed, at least in part, to explaining why the trend in Kongsfjorden differs from that on Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Consequences<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The glaucous gull, along with the great skua, is a top predator in Svalbard, and the species plays an important role in the ecosystem as a predator and scavenger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">About the monitoring<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The glaucous gull populations are monitored because such high levels of pollutants are present that survival and\/or reproduction may be jeopardised.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">In addition, GLS logging (Global Location Sensing) is being used to study activity patterns, migratory routes and winter ecology, but this is not part of the ordinary monitoring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Monitoring the number of breeding pairs is the best, and the only internationally accepted, means of revealing short-term and long-term population changes in the glaucous gull. Annual counts and recording the number of nests in colonies or sample plots offer an opportunity to reveal changes in the population provided any changes discovered in the sample plot or colony are representative for the entire population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Breeding success gives a measure of the production of chicks in the year in question and thereby a measure of the environmental conditions. The production of chicks forms the basis for recruitment to the population and a failure in the chick production will lead to a decline in the population if the recruitment does not compensate for the adult mortality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Places and areas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya is the largest breeding site in Svalbard and the rest of the Barents Sea. This population is affected by pollutants. Kongsfjorden was chosen because an adequate number of pairs breed there and other seabird monitoring is taking place in the same area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/stadnamn\/Fuglefjellet?ident=4170&amp;lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya<\/a><br>Covers the coastal stretch from Kvalrossbukta (74.3728\u00b0N, 19.1742\u00b0E) to the plateau beneath Fuglefjellet (74.3440\u00b0N, 19.0817\u00b0E).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/stadnamn\/Kongsfjorden?ident=7561&amp;lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Kongsfjorden<\/a><br>Covers all the pairs breeding around the fjord.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relations to other monitoring<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Monitoring programme<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-sizing-medium\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.seapop.no\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">SEAPOP \u2013 Monitoring and mapping programme for Norwegian seabirds<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/no\/arktis\/barentshavet\/forvaltningsplan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Management plan for the Barents Sea&nbsp;<em>(in Norwegian)<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">International environmental agreements<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-sizing-medium\">\n<li>None<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Voluntary international cooperation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-sizing-medium\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.caff.is\/seabirds-cbird\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><abbr title=\"Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna\">CAFF<\/abbr>&nbsp;Circumpolar Seabird Group (CBird)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.caff.is\/monitoring\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Programme (CBMP)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Related monitoring<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>None<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further reading<a href=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/fauna\/marine\/zooplankton-species-composition.html#refs\"><\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Links<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-sizing-medium\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.seapop.no\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">SEAPOP \u2013 Monitoring and mapping programme for Norwegian seabirds<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/influence\/pollution\/pollutants-glaucous-gull.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pollutants in glaucous gulls<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/species\/glaucous-gull\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Facts about glaucous gulls<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Publications<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Artsdatabanken (2021, 24. november). Norsk r\u00f8dliste for arter 2021. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.artsdatabanken.no\/lister\/rodlisteforarter\/2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/www.artsdatabanken.no\/lister\/rodlisteforarter\/2021<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bustnes,&nbsp;J.O., Erikstad,&nbsp;K.E., Skaare,&nbsp;J.U., Bakken,&nbsp;V., &amp; Mehlum,&nbsp;F. (2003).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/data.npolar.no\/publication\/44e24ede-2e0d-4df9-8bbf-58ec93ab6f81\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ecological effects of organochlorine pollutants in the arctic: A study of the glaucous gull<\/a>. <em>Ecological Applications&nbsp;13<\/em>:&nbsp;504\u2013515. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1890\/1051-0761(2003)013%5B0504:EEOOPI%5D2.0.CO;2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1890\/1051-0761(2003)013%5B0504:EEOOPI%5D2.0.CO;2<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Erikstad,&nbsp;K.E.,&nbsp;&amp; Str\u00f8m,&nbsp;H.&nbsp;(2012).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/data.npolar.no\/publication\/c87bb3c8-d07f-4af3-8071-9c2abecc4ffb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Effekter av milj\u00f8gifter p\u00e5 bestanden av polarm\u00e5ke p\u00e5 Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya<\/a>. <em>Norwegian Polar Institute Brief Report Series&nbsp;25<\/em>. Norwegian Polar Institute. 16&nbsp;pp.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Descamps,&nbsp;S.,&nbsp;&amp; Str\u00f8m,&nbsp;H.&nbsp;(2021).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/data.npolar.no\/publication\/3cd297cc-5e28-4612-90ae-41ffe9f5ff3f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">As the Arctic becomes boreal: ongoing shifts in a high\u2010Arctic seabird community<\/a>. &nbsp;<em>Ecology<\/em>&nbsp;102(11):e03485.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/ecy.3485\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ecy.3485<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lorentsen,&nbsp;S.-H., Anker-Nilssen,&nbsp;T.,&nbsp;&amp; Str\u00f8m,&nbsp;H.&nbsp;(2010).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/data.npolar.no\/publication\/7983542d-41c8-4c99-ab64-5e6a1d97ca35\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Bestandsutvikling hos sj\u00f8fugl<\/a>. Pp.&nbsp;38\u201346 in: Sunnana,&nbsp;K., Fossheim,&nbsp;M., Olseng,&nbsp;C.D. (eds.): Forvaltningsplan Barentshavet \u2013 rapport fra overvakingsgruppen 2010. <em>Fisken og havet&nbsp;1b-2010<\/em>. Institute of Marine Research (IMR).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sagerup,&nbsp;K.,&nbsp;Helgason,&nbsp;L.B., Polder,&nbsp;A.,&nbsp;Str\u00f8m,&nbsp;H., Josefsen,&nbsp;T.D., Skare,&nbsp;J.U., &amp;&nbsp;Gabrielsen,&nbsp;G.W.&nbsp;(2009).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/data.npolar.no\/publication\/733679d5-84bf-5bb0-8d81-a22eba70ab2c\">Persistent organic pollutants and mercury in dead and dying glaucous gulls (<em>Larus hyperboreus<\/em>) at Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya (Svalbard)<\/a>. <em>Science of The Total Environment&nbsp;407<\/em>(23):&nbsp;6009\u20136016. <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.08.020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.08.020<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Petersen, A., Irons, D. B., Gilchrist, H. G., Robertson, G. J., Boertmann, D., Str\u00f8m, H., &#8230; &amp; Mallory, M. L. (2015). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/24363893\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The status of Glaucous Gulls Larus hyperboreus in the circumpolar Arctic.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Arctic<\/em>, 107-120.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Str\u00f8m,&nbsp;H.&nbsp;(2006).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/data.npolar.no\/publication\/96113402-b7f8-4dcb-9935-428de12e2d58\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Birds of Svalbard<\/a>. Pp.&nbsp;86\u2013191 in:&nbsp;Kovacs,&nbsp;K.M.,&nbsp;Lydersen,&nbsp;C.&nbsp;(eds.):&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/data.npolar.no\/publication\/f5bb5f41-9127-4af7-941a-85c7ffc599d8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Birds and mammals of Svalbard<\/a>. Troms\u00f8, Norway: Norwegian Polar Institute.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Str\u00f8m,&nbsp;H.&nbsp;(2007).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/data.npolar.no\/publication\/fc291a2e-b841-4ab2-ac67-381bdbb66435\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Distribution of seabirds on Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya<\/a>. Pp.&nbsp;50\u201352 in: Anker-Nilssen,&nbsp;T. (ed.):&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/data.npolar.no\/publication\/387cb0a5-7ff0-46d4-8a8d-590e1dbea14c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">SEAPOP studies in the Lofoten and Barents Sea area in 2006.<\/a> <em>NINA Report 249<\/em>. Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian Institute for Nature Research.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Walsh, P. M., Halley, D. J., Harris, M. P., Del Nevo, A., Sim, I. M. W., &amp; Tasker, M. L. (1995).&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/8798\/1\/Bird1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Seabird monitoring handbook for Britain and Ireland: a compilation of methods for survey and monitoring of breeding seabirds<\/a><\/em>. JNCC\/RSPB\/ITE\/Seabird Group. Published by JNCC \/ RSPB \/ ITE \/ Seabird Group, Peterborough.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":64084,"parent":1024,"menu_order":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-1111","bc_indicator","type-bc_indicator","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1111","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/bc_indicator"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1111\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":64081,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1111\/revisions\/64081"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1024"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/64084"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1111"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}