{"id":1143,"date":"2022-04-11T14:36:05","date_gmt":"2022-04-11T12:36:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/indikator\/climate\/atmosphere\/lufttemperatur-og-nedbor\/"},"modified":"2025-04-29T14:18:16","modified_gmt":"2025-04-29T12:18:16","slug":"air-temperature-and-precipitation","status":"publish","type":"bc_indicator","link":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/indikator\/climate\/atmosphere\/air-temperature-and-precipitation\/","title":{"rendered":"Air temperature and precipitation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-sizing-small\">Last updated 28 April 2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Temperature and precipitation are key climatic factors that influence ecosystems and human activity. Both air temperature and precipitation show an increase throughout the monitoring period. It is expected that the Arctic weather will keep warming significantly, and that precipitation levels will keep rising. These inferences are drawn from climate models simulating future changes in response to larger concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"960\" src=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/np056998-2-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-63788\" style=\"width:1200px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/np056998-2-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/np056998-2-300x113.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/np056998-2-1024x384.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/np056998-2-768x288.jpg 768w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/np056998-2-1536x576.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/np056998-2-2048x768.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/np056998-2-684x257.jpg 684w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ny-\u00c5lesund. Photo: Max K\u00f6nig \/ Norwegian Polar Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-white-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-sizing-medium\">What is being monitored?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-mosj-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-mosj-yellow-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-sizing-medium\">Temperature and precipitation at selected locations in Svalbard and Jan Mayen<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"270\"\n     style=\"height: 500px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 125px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4 wdt-chart-three\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7 \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 125px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2 wdt-chart-two\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker 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class=\"wdt-static-background\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style>\n    \n<\/style>    <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n        if (typeof (wpDataCharts) == 'undefined') wpDataCharts = {};\n        wpDataCharts[270] = {\n            render_data: {\"wdtNumberFormat\":\"1\",\"options\":{\"title\":{\"text\":\"Air temperature on Svalbard and Jan Mayen, annual mean\",\"floating\":false,\"align\":\"center\"},\"series\":[{\"type\":\"\",\"name\":\"Svalbard Airport, unfiltered\",\"color\":\"\",\"label\":\"Svalbard Airport, 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(\\u00b0C)\"},\"crosshair\":false},[],[],[],[],[],[],[],[]],\"chart\":{\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"borderWidth\":0,\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":0,\"zoomType\":\"none\",\"panning\":false,\"panKey\":\"shift\",\"plotBackgroundColor\":\"\",\"plotBackgroundImage\":\"\",\"plotBorderColor\":\"\",\"plotBorderWidth\":0,\"inverted\":false},\"subtitle\":{\"text\":\"\",\"align\":\"center\"},\"tooltip\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85)\",\"borderWidth\":\"1\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"3\",\"shared\":false,\"valuePrefix\":\"\",\"valueSuffix\":\"\"},\"legend\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"title\":{\"text\":\"\"},\"layout\":\"horizontal\",\"align\":\"center\",\"verticalAlign\":\"bottom\",\"borderWidth\":\"0\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"0\"},\"exporting\":{\"enabled\":true,\"chartOptions\":{\"plotOptions\":{\"series\":{\"dataLabels\":{\"enabled\":false}}}},\"filename\":\"\",\"width\":\"\",\"buttons\":{\"contextButton\":{\"align\":\"right\",\"verticalAlign\":\"top\",\"symbolStroke\":\"#666\",\"text\":\"\"}}},\"credits\":{\"enabled\":true,\"href\":\"\",\"text\":\"Data: Norwegian Meteorological Institute\"}},\"type\":\"highcharts_line_chart\",\"height\":500},\n            engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_line_chart\",\n            title: \"Air temperature on Svalbard and Jan Mayen, annual mean\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_270\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 256,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_270\" class=\"highcharts_line_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">The figure shows the annual mean temperature at the Norwegian Arctic stations on Svalbard and Jan Mayen. The data have been filtered so that variations on time scales shorter than&nbsp;10 years&nbsp;have been smoothed. Unfiltered data from Svalbard Airport can also be viewed in the figure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">The annual mean temperature shows quite a similar trend at the various stations. The longest data series is from Svalbard Airport, and started in 1898. It shows periods of rising temperatures from 1915 to the 1930s and 1970 until today, but cooling from the 1950s to about 1970. When the period is viewed as a whole, the temperature on average has risen by&nbsp;0.35\u00b0C&nbsp;per decade. This exceeds that shown by similar series from the Norwegian mainland.<br>(<em>Cite these data: Norwegian Meteorological Institute (2025). Annual mean temperature in Svalbard, filtered and unfiltered. Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ). URL: https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/climate\/atmosphere\/temperature-precipitation.html<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-mosj-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-mosj-yellow-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"230\"\n     style=\"height: 500px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 125px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div 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(\\u2103)\"},\"crosshair\":false},[],[],[],[],[],[],[]],\"chart\":{\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"borderWidth\":0,\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":0,\"zoomType\":\"none\",\"panning\":false,\"panKey\":\"shift\",\"plotBackgroundColor\":\"\",\"plotBackgroundImage\":\"\",\"plotBorderColor\":\"\",\"plotBorderWidth\":0,\"inverted\":false},\"subtitle\":{\"text\":\"\",\"align\":\"center\"},\"tooltip\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"rgba(255,255,255,0.85)\",\"borderWidth\":\"1\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"3\",\"shared\":true,\"valuePrefix\":\"\",\"valueSuffix\":\"\"},\"legend\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"title\":{\"text\":\"\"},\"layout\":\"horizontal\",\"align\":\"center\",\"verticalAlign\":\"bottom\",\"borderWidth\":\"0\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"0\"},\"exporting\":{\"enabled\":true,\"chartOptions\":{\"plotOptions\":{\"series\":{\"dataLabels\":{\"enabled\":false}}}},\"filename\":\"\",\"width\":\"\",\"buttons\":{\"contextButton\":{\"align\":\"right\",\"verticalAlign\":\"top\",\"symbolStroke\":\"#666\",\"text\":\"\"}}},\"credits\":{\"enabled\":true,\"href\":\"\",\"text\":\"Data: Norwegian Meterological Institute\"}},\"type\":\"highcharts_line_chart\",\"height\":500},\n            engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_line_chart\",\n            title: \"Seasonal temperatures for Svalbard Airport\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_230\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 231,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_230\" class=\"highcharts_line_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">The figure shows the seasonal mean temperatures for Svalbard Airport. Winter (DJF), spring (MAM), summer (JJA) and autumn (SON). The figure also shows data that have been filtered so that variations on time scales shorter than&nbsp;10 years&nbsp;have been smoothed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">Seasonal mean temperatures for Svalbard Airport shows that year-to-year variation is less in summer than the rest of the year. The temperature in Svalbard is strongly affected by ice, which can vary widely from year to year. Hence, the seasons with ice present show greater variation in average temperature from year to year. Trends in seasonal mean temperatures at Svalbard Airport shows a temperature increase for all four seasons. Current trends show the largest increase in temperature winter and spring, respectively&nbsp;0.44\u02daC&nbsp;per decade and&nbsp;0.45\u02daC&nbsp;per decade from 1899 to 2023.<br>(<em>Cite these data: Norwegian Meteorological Institute (2025). Seasonal temperatures for Svalbard Airport. Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ). URL: https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/climate\/atmosphere\/temperature-precipitation.html<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-mosj-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-mosj-yellow-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"229\"\n     style=\"height: 500px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 125px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4 wdt-chart-three\"><\/div>\n           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Mayen\",\"orig_header\":\"janmayen\",\"data\":[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,545.8336919,553.640511,567.0831403,585.371338,606.2870154,626.9043585,644.9285239,659.4403881,670.8411332,679.9273747,686.9105524,690.9236699,690.2053175,683.168215,669.3120917,650.2099289,629.4210153,611.742323,601.6882524,602.0728308,612.9203743,631.5793063,653.729966,674.9859095,692.187199,704.1805718,711.6882289,716.5287647,720.7379563,725.5533558,730.869227,735.1174557,735.9036465,730.9286783,718.9938098,700.5499528,677.4127548,652.2984721,628.1701308,608.0239199,594.7832211,591.0931925,598.6443837,617.5533233,645.6896229,678.7112589,710.9051205,736.6881598,752.2490209,756.6725378,751.8035899,741.1537175,728.2322442,715.4817908,704.025171,694.2517288,686.5648266,681.6609766,680.2941164,682.767478,688.6587065,696.7788145,705.4390707,712.7302264,716.854692,716.4007408,710.6455281,699.9495725,685.7357527,670.2606445,655.9644513,644.6539692,637.0182508,632.7398592,631.0858503,631.6622402,634.3873681,639.1893791,645.2773154,651.0509865,654.633052,654.7632018,651.4393478,645.6648713,638.8754789,632.1818874,626.2683633,621.6360781,618.96741,619.0536179,622.5210704,629.4438924,639.1026222,650.1174256,660.8410684,669.914418,676.7021385,681.362013,684.5217328,687.0248706],\"yAxis\":0}],\"xAxis\":{\"categories\":[\"1915\",\"1916\",\"1917\",\"1918\",\"1919\",\"1920\",\"1921\",\"1922\",\"1923\",\"1924\",\"1925\",\"1926\",\"1927\",\"1928\",\"1929\",\"1930\",\"1931\",\"1932\",\"1933\",\"1934\",\"1935\",\"1936\",\"1937\",\"1938\",\"1939\",\"1940\",\"1941\",\"1942\",\"1943\",\"1944\",\"1945\",\"1946\",\"1947\",\"1948\",\"1949\",\"1950\",\"1951\",\"1952\",\"1953\",\"1954\",\"1955\",\"1956\",\"1957\",\"1958\",\"1959\",\"1960\",\"1961\",\"1962\",\"1963\",\"1964\",\"1965\",\"1966\",\"1967\",\"1968\",\"1969\",\"1970\",\"1971\",\"1972\",\"1973\",\"1974\",\"1975\",\"1976\",\"1977\",\"1978\",\"1979\",\"1980\",\"1981\",\"1982\",\"1983\",\"1984\",\"1985\",\"1986\",\"1987\",\"1988\",\"1989\",\"1990\",\"1991\",\"1992\",\"1993\",\"1994\",\"1995\",\"1996\",\"1997\",\"1998\",\"1999\",\"2000\",\"2001\",\"2002\",\"2003\",\"2004\",\"2005\",\"2006\",\"2007\",\"2008\",\"2009\",\"2010\",\"2011\",\"2012\",\"2013\",\"2014\",\"2015\",\"2016\",\"2017\",\"2018\",\"2019\",\"2020\",\"2021\",\"2022\",\"2023\",\"2024\"],\"crosshair\":false},\"yAxis\":[{\"gridLineDashStyle\":\"solid\",\"title\":{\"text\":\"Precipitation (mm)\"},\"crosshair\":false},[],[],[],[]],\"chart\":{\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"borderWidth\":0,\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":0,\"zoomType\":\"none\",\"panning\":false,\"panKey\":\"shift\",\"plotBackgroundColor\":\"\",\"plotBackgroundImage\":\"\",\"plotBorderColor\":\"\",\"plotBorderWidth\":0,\"inverted\":false},\"subtitle\":{\"text\":\"\",\"align\":\"center\"},\"tooltip\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"rgba(255,255,255,0.85)\",\"borderWidth\":\"1\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"3\",\"shared\":true,\"valuePrefix\":\"\",\"valueSuffix\":\"\"},\"legend\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"title\":{\"text\":\"\"},\"layout\":\"horizontal\",\"align\":\"center\",\"verticalAlign\":\"bottom\",\"borderWidth\":\"0\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"0\"},\"exporting\":{\"enabled\":true,\"chartOptions\":{\"plotOptions\":{\"series\":{\"dataLabels\":{\"enabled\":false}}}},\"filename\":\"\",\"width\":\"\",\"buttons\":{\"contextButton\":{\"align\":\"right\",\"verticalAlign\":\"top\",\"symbolStroke\":\"#666\",\"text\":\"\"}}},\"credits\":{\"enabled\":true,\"href\":\"\",\"text\":\"Data: Norwegian Meterological Institute\"}},\"type\":\"highcharts_line_chart\",\"height\":500},\n            engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_line_chart\",\n            title: \"Precipitation in Svalbard, Hopen, and Jan Mayen, annual total amount\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_229\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 230,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_229\" class=\"highcharts_line_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">The figure shows the trend in the total precipitation during the year at the Norwegian Arctic stations. The data have been filtered so that variations on time scales shorter than&nbsp;10 years&nbsp;have been smoothed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">The annual precipitation proves to vary considerably at the various stations, but all the series show a positive trend in the annual precipitation through the period as a whole. The increase in precipitation in Svalbard seems to be in line with a general increase in precipitation recorded at middle and high northern latitudes.<br>(<em>Cite these data: Norwegian Meteorological Institute (2025). Annual precipitation in Svalbard, Hopen, Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya and Jan Mayen, filtered. Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ). URL: https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/climate\/atmosphere\/temperature-precipitation.html<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-pb-accordion-item c-accordion__item js-accordion-item no-js\" data-initially-open=\"false\" data-click-to-close=\"true\" data-auto-close=\"false\" data-scroll=\"false\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><h2 id=\"at-11431\" class=\"c-accordion__title js-accordion-controller\" role=\"button\">Details on these data<\/h2><div id=\"ac-11431\" class=\"c-accordion__content\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Last updated<\/strong><\/td><td>28 April 2025<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Update interval<\/strong><\/td><td>Yearly<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Next update<\/strong><\/td><td>February 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Executive organization<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/www.met.no\/English\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Norwegian Meteorological Institute<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Contact persons<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/met.no\/English\/About_us\/Contact_us\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Herdis Motr\u00f8en Gjelten<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Method<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Measurements of temperature are performed every hour and precipitation is observed&nbsp;1 or 2 times&nbsp;a day, both in line with&nbsp;WMO&nbsp;standards. The observations go into the&nbsp;Norwegian Meteorological Institute quality control system and are stored in the&nbsp;Norwegian Meteorological Institute climate database as observations, daily values, monthly values and annual values. It is the annual and seasonal values that form the basis for the data presented in MOSJ. The series are filtered with a Gaussian filter with a standard deviation of 3 years, which smooths out variations on a smaller scale than 10 years. The end of the filtered series has some uncertainty associated with it because parts of the calculation basis include unknown future measurements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">A few stations have been moved. The data series are therefore homogenized and in some cases also interpolated in some periods where data is missing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quality<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">After&nbsp;WMO&nbsp;standard. They are reference climate stations (RCSs). Long-term series from RCSs are particularly well quality controlled, and are those which best show the temperature development in Spitsbergen over the past&nbsp;100 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Other metadata<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mosj.no\/system\/workplace\/editors\/%E2%80%A2https:\/www.met.no\/frie-meteorologiske-data\/frie-meteorologiske-data\">Free access to the climate database of the Norwegian Meteorological Institute, for all&nbsp;<em>(in Norwegian)<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reference level and action level<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The current normal period is 1991\u20132020. As early as 1935, the WMO decided that so-called normal values should be calculated for specific 30-year periods. These would be 1901\u20131930, 1931\u20131960, 1961\u20131990, etc. The periods are generally termed &#8220;standard normal periods&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">In the case of temperature, the mean monthly temperature is calculated for given 30-year periods. These figures act as a reference in meteorology and climatology until the next normal period.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Status and trend<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Temperature<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The annual mean temperature shows quite similar trends at the various stations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The longest temperature series is from Svalbard Airport. This series is prolonged backwards, from 1911 to 1898, based on old observations from hunters and scientific expeditions. The series shows periods of cooling early in the 20th century and in the 1960s, but warming from 1912 until the 1930s and from 1970 until now.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">An analysis of this series gives a linear trend of&nbsp;0.35\u00b0C&nbsp;per decade from 1899 to 2024. The trend is statistically reliable at the&nbsp;1% level. This represents significantly faster warming than is indicated by the corresponding series from the Norwegian mainland, and about three times faster than the trend in the global mean temperature over the same period. All the seasonal temperatures at Svalbard Airport show a temperature increase statistically reliable at the&nbsp;1% level. The trends shows the largest temperature increase in winter and spring, with&nbsp;0.44\u00b0C&nbsp;per decade and&nbsp;0.45\u00b0C&nbsp;per decade, respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The 1930s and 1950s saw relatively mild periods. Since 2000, however, there have been several exceptionally warm years in Svalbard and on Jan Mayen. At all 5 stations with long timeseries, the 3 warmest years in the series have all occurred since 2000. This is not unique to the Norwegian part of the Arctic. The shorter timeseries on temperature from the northern and eastern parts of Svalbard show the same trend but indicate a greater temperature increase than the series from West Spitsbergen over the past 30 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Precipitation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Unlike temperature, the precipitation series from Norwegian Arctic stations show fairly different individual trends. The main reason for this is that precipitation has a much greater spatial variation than temperature, and local variations are greater. Nevertheless, all stations except Jan Mayen show a statistically significant positive trend in annual precipitation throughout the measurement period as a whole, even though the start date varies. Annual precipitation at Ny-\u00c5lesund, Svalbard Airport, Hopen and Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya has increased by respectively 6, 3, 7 and 3% per decade compared with the normal period&nbsp;1991-2020.&nbsp;The trends are significant at the&nbsp;5% level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The Svalbard Airport series shows a statistically reliable increase in precipitation in spring, summer and autumn. For the Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya and Hopen series, the same is true for the winter, spring and autumn precipitation. The Ny-\u00c5lesund series shows a statistically reliable increase only for the autumn and winter precipitation. The linear trend in the annual precipitation was much lower (0.5%&nbsp;per decade) on Jan Mayen, and not statistically reliable. None of the season values show statistically reliable trends.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Causal factors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">There is widespread consensus that the cause of the global rise in temperature is anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. Climate models also predict bigger increases in temperature at the far north on the Earth, compared to the global average. The situation for precipitation is the same \u2013 the global changes in climate are expected to result in higher precipitation levels in the Arctic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">It is still impossible to determine exactly how much of the warming and rise in precipitation in Svalbard is due to natural variations in the climate, and how much is caused by increased anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Studies show that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a large part of the warming in the Arctic during the first part of the 20th century was due to natural variation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the temperature development in the 1960\u20132000 period was related to changes in atmospheric circulation, in the form of increased transport of warmer maritime air masses from the south-east<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the warming observed in recent years may be caused by air mass characteristics and sea ice extent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Newer data show that several of the warm years since 2000 coincided with low sea ice concentration in the Arctic Ocean during summer, causing the ocean to absorb more heat, and resulting in higher surface temperatures during autumn. Precipitation in Svalbard may also be affected by this. As for the development in precipitation during the 20th century, it can be largegly explained by atmospheric circulation. One of the reasons for the increase in precipitation in recent decades may be that rain gauges are catching more precipitation. Higher winter temperatures cause more of the precipitation to fall as rain instead of snow, which reduces undercatch because a higher proportion of the precipitation falls into the rain gauge (due to the fact that raindrops are heavier than snowflakes and therefore do not blow laterally past the gauge as readily). This means that the actual increase in precipitation in recent decades will be somewhat less than is indicated by the measurement series.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Consequences<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">There are many potential consequences of higher temperatures and more precipitation, and virtually all other areas covered by MOSJ are in some way influenced by these two factors. To mention a few:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the duration of the snow cover<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the cover of sea ice<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>permafrost<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>glaciers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>flora<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>fauna<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>introduced species<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>spread of pollution<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>cultural heritage remains<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">In addition, changes in the temperature and precipitation conditions may affect the risk of avalanches and landslides in the archipelago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">About the monitoring<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Temperature and precipitation are key climate factors, with major effects on ecosystems and human activity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Model calculations of how the climate will change in response to the rising concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere predict significantly warmer weather and more precipitation in the Arctic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Places and areas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/stadnamn\/Jan+Mayen+radio?ident=18791\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jan Mayen<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/stadnamn\/Bj%C3%B8rn%C3%B8ya+radio?ident=1222\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/stadnamn\/Svalbard+lufthavn?ident=14162\">Svalbard lufthavn<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/stadnamn\/Hopen+radio?ident=5846\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hopen<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/stadnamn\/Ny-%C3%85lesund?ident=10727\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ny-\u00c5lesund<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/Verlegenhuken\/Svalbard\/4b592cd2-a94c-5ecb-a077-6df13473b41d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Verlegenhuken<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/Edge%C3%B8ya\/Svalbard\/9845e9cf-c9b7-5e86-abc5-eb2cefe82ed9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Edge\u00f8ya<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/Karl_XII-%C3%B8ya\/Svalbard\/061a4aa0-6bda-5c00-9b2f-503d3f7becef\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Karl XII-\u00f8ya<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relations to other monitoring<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Monitoring programme<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-sizing-medium\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/gcos.wmo.int\/site\/global-climate-observing-system-gcos\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CLIMATE \u2013 Global Climate Observing System (GCOS)<\/a><br>Programme under&nbsp;WMO,&nbsp;IOC,&nbsp;UNESCO,&nbsp;UNEP&nbsp;and&nbsp;ICSU<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">International environmental agreements<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-sizing-medium\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/gcos.wmo.int\/site\/global-climate-observing-system-gcos\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CLIMATE \u2013 Global Climate Observing System (GCOS)<\/a><br>Programme under&nbsp;WMO,&nbsp;IOC,&nbsp;UNESCO,&nbsp;UNEP&nbsp;og&nbsp;ICSU<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Voluntary international cooperation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-sizing-medium\">\n<li>None<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Related monitoring<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-sizing-medium\">\n<li>None<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further reading<a href=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/fauna\/marine\/zooplankton-species-composition.html#refs\"><\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Links<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-sizing-medium\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.met.no\/frie-meteorologiske-data\/frie-meteorologiske-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Free access to weather- and climate data from Norwegian Meteorological Institute<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Publications<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gjelten, H.M., Nordli, \u00d8., Isaksen, K., F\u00f8rland, E.J., Sviashchennikov, P.N., Wyszynski, P., Prokhorova, U.V., Przybylak, R., Ivanov, B.V. &amp; Urazgildeeva, A.V. (2016). <a href=\"https:\/\/polarresearch.net\/index.php\/polar\/article\/view\/3265\/8687\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Air temperature variations and gradients along the coast and fjords of western Spitsbergen.<\/a> <em>Polar Research 2016, 35, <\/em>29878. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/polar.v35.29878\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/polar.v35.29878<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hanssen-Bauer, I., F\u00f8rland, E.F., Hisdal, H., Mayer, S., Sand\u00f8, A.B. &amp; Sorteberg, A. (ed.) (2019). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.miljodirektoratet.no\/globalassets\/publikasjoner\/M1242\/M1242.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Climate in Svalbard 2100 \u2013 a knowledge base for climate adaptation<\/a>. NCCS report no. 1\/2019. ISSN 2387-3027. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25607\/OBP-888\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25607\/OBP-888<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hudson, S.R., Gjelten, H.M., Isaksen, K. &amp; Kohler, J. (2019).<a href=\"https:\/\/brage.npolar.no\/npolar-xmlui\/bitstream\/handle\/11250\/2587366\/Kortrapport50.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> An assessment of MOSJ: environmental status for atmospheric and terrestrial climate in Svalbard and Jan Mayen.<\/a> <em>Kortrapport\/Brief report <\/em>50, Norwegian Polar Institute.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Isaksen, K., Nordli, \u00d8., F\u00f8rland, E.J., Lupikaza, E., Eastwood, S. &amp; Niedzwiedz, T. (2016). <a href=\"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1002\/2016JD025606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Recent warming on Spitsbergen &#8211; Influence of atmospheric circulation and sea ice cover.<\/a> <em>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres<\/em> <em>121<\/em>, 11,913\u201311,931. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2016JD025606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2016JD025606<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Isaksen, K., Nordli, \u00d8., Ivanov, B., K\u00f8ltzow, M. A., Aaboe, S., Gjelten, H. M., &#8230; &amp; Karandasheva, T. (2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-13568-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Exceptional warming over the Barents area.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Scientific reports<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>12<\/em>(1), 9371. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-13568-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-13568-5<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nordli, P.\u00d8, Hanssen-Bauer, I. &amp; F\u00f8rland, E.J. (1996). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.met.no\/publikasjoner\/met-report\/met-report-1996\/_\/attachment\/download\/965e0bc0-1582-4084-8880-9d199dfbce3f:3fc6349d0c2ee0bf1375603fc0ba821c028dd066\/MET-report-16-1996.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Homogeneity analyses of temperature and precipitation series from Svalbard and Jan Mayen.<\/a> <em>DNMI Klima Report no. 16\/96<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vikhamar-Schuler, D., Isaksen, K., Haugen, J.E., T\u00f8mmervik, H., Luks, B., Schuler, T.V. &amp; Bjerke, J.W. (2016). <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/configurable\/content\/journals$002fclim$002f29$002f17$002fjcli-d-15-0763.1.xml?t:ac=journals%24002fclim%24002f29%24002f17%24002fjcli-d-15-0763.1.xml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Changes in winter warming events in the Nordic Arctic Region.<\/a> <em>Journal of Climate 29<\/em>, 6223-6244. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JCLI-D-15-0763.1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JCLI-D-15-0763.1<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":63788,"parent":1139,"menu_order":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-1143","bc_indicator","type-bc_indicator","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1143","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/bc_indicator"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1143\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":63796,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1143\/revisions\/63796"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1139"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/63788"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1143"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}