{"id":1150,"date":"2022-04-11T14:35:30","date_gmt":"2022-04-11T12:35:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/indikator\/climate\/atmosphere\/klimagasser-pa-svalbard\/"},"modified":"2026-03-16T12:40:53","modified_gmt":"2026-03-16T11:40:53","slug":"climate-gases-in-svalbard","status":"publish","type":"bc_indicator","link":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/indikator\/climate\/atmosphere\/climate-gases-in-svalbard\/","title":{"rendered":"Climate gases in Svalbard"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-sizing-small\">Last updated 16 March 2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The most important greenhouse gases emitted by human activity are carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>), methane (CH<sub>4<\/sub>), a combined group of gases called halocarbons, and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2<\/sub>O). These are gases that contribute to an increase in temperature and where the concentration in the atmosphere is affected by human activities such as deforestation and fossil combustion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2208\" height=\"828\" src=\"http:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/np064942.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-62477\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/np064942.jpg 2208w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/np064942-300x113.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/np064942-1024x384.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/np064942-768x288.jpg 768w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/np064942-1536x576.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/np064942-2048x768.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/np064942-684x257.jpg 684w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2208px) 100vw, 2208px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">View from Zeppelinfjellet in Ny-\u00c5lesund. Photo: Helge Tore Markussen \/ Norwegian Polar Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-white-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-sizing-medium\">What is being monitored?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-mosj-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-mosj-yellow-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-sizing-medium\">Climate gases in Svalbard<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"235\"\n     style=\"height: 400px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4 wdt-chart-three\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7 \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2 wdt-chart-two\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n 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class=\"wdt-background-masker\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style>\n    \n<\/style>    <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n        if (typeof (wpDataCharts) == 'undefined') wpDataCharts = {};\n        wpDataCharts[235] = {\n            render_data: {\"wdtNumberFormat\":\"1\",\"options\":{\"title\":{\"text\":\"Carbon dioxide (CO\\u2082) in air at the Zeppelin Station\",\"floating\":false,\"align\":\"center\"},\"series\":[{\"type\":\"\",\"name\":\"Carbon dioxide (CO\\u2082)\",\"color\":\"\",\"label\":\"Carbon dioxide (CO\\u2082)\",\"orig_header\":\"carbondioxideco\",\"data\":[355.2,356.1,360.9,357.8,359.1,361.3,362.3,363.2,365.5,370.9,372,370.9,374.7,378,378.9,380.5,383.1,384.1,386.4,387,390.3,392.5,394.8,397.3,399.6,401.2,404.4,408,409.3,411.9,414.2,417.4,419.6,421.5,424.7],\"yAxis\":0}],\"xAxis\":{\"categories\":[\"1990\",\"1991\",\"1992\",\"1993\",\"1994\",\"1995\",\"1996\",\"1997\",\"1998\",\"1999\",\"2000\",\"2001\",\"2002\",\"2003\",\"2004\",\"2005\",\"2006\",\"2007\",\"2008\",\"2009\",\"2010\",\"2011\",\"2012\",\"2013\",\"2014\",\"2015\",\"2016\",\"2017\",\"2018\",\"2019\",\"2020\",\"2021\",\"2022\",\"2023\",\"2024\"],\"crosshair\":false},\"yAxis\":[{\"gridLineDashStyle\":\"solid\",\"title\":{\"text\":\"Concentration in parts per million 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NILU, Stockholm University\"}},\"type\":\"highcharts_spline_chart\",\"height\":400},\n            engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_spline_chart\",\n            title: \"Carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) in air at the Zeppelin Station\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_235\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 236,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_235\" class=\"highcharts_spline_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">The figure presents concentration in parts per million (ppm) of varbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>) in air at the Zeppelin Observatory in Ny-\u00c5lesund. The Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) started CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0measurements at Zeppelin in 2012, so the time series from the Stockholm University from 1990 to 2012 is also presented here.<br>(<em>Cite these data: NILU, Stockholm University (2026). CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0in air at the Zeppelin Observatory. Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ). URL:<\/em> https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/indikator\/climate\/atmosphere\/climate-gases-in-svalbard\/)<a href=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/climate\/atmosphere\/climate-gases-in-svalbard.html#p-data-cosub2sub-in-air-at-the-zeppelin-observatory\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-mosj-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-mosj-yellow-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"234\"\n     style=\"height: 400px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div 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NILU\"}},\"type\":\"highcharts_line_chart\",\"height\":400},\n            engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_line_chart\",\n            title: \"Methane (CH\u2084) in air at the Zeppelin Observatory\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_234\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 235,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_234\" class=\"highcharts_line_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">The figure presents concentration in parts per billion (ppb) of methane in air at the Zeppelin Observatory in Ny-\u00c5lesund. Methane (CH<sub>4<\/sub>) is the second most important greenhouse gas from human activity after carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>). The figure clearly illustrates the increase in the concentrations of methane at Zeppelin since 2005. There was a small decrease from 2010 to 2011, followed by increases in most years.(<em>Cite these data: NILU (2026). Methane (CH<sub>4<\/sub>) in air at the Zeppelin Observatory. Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ). 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NILU\"}},\"type\":\"highcharts_line_chart\",\"height\":400},\n            engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_line_chart\",\n            title: \"Nitrous oxide (N\u2082O) in air at the Zeppelin Observatory\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_233\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 234,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_233\" class=\"highcharts_line_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">The figure presents concentration in parts per billion (ppb) of nitrous oxide (N<sub>2<\/sub>O), laughing gas, in air at the Zeppelin Observatory in Ny-\u00c5lesund. Nitrous oxide is an important greenhouse gas, and is also the major source of the ozone-depleting nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2<\/sub>) in the stratosphere, thus the component also influences the stratospheric ozone layer. Considered over a 100-year period, nitrous oxide is calculated to have between 265 and 310 times more impact per unit mass (global-warming potential) than carbon dioxide.<br>(<em>Cite these data: NILU (2026). Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2<\/sub>O) in air at the Zeppelin Observatory. Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ). URL: <\/em>https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/indikator\/climate\/atmosphere\/climate-gases-in-svalbard\/)<a href=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/climate\/atmosphere\/climate-gases-in-svalbard.html#p-data-nitrous-oxide-nsub2subo-in-air-at-the-zeppelin-observatory\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-pb-accordion-item c-accordion__item js-accordion-item no-js\" data-initially-open=\"false\" data-click-to-close=\"true\" data-auto-close=\"false\" data-scroll=\"false\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><h2 id=\"at-11501\" class=\"c-accordion__title js-accordion-controller\" role=\"button\">Details on these data<\/h2><div id=\"ac-11501\" class=\"c-accordion__content\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Last updated<\/strong><\/td><td>16 March 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Update interval<\/strong><\/td><td>Yearly<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Next update<\/strong><\/td><td>March 2027<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Commissioning organization<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/www.miljodirektoratet.no\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Norwegian Environment Agency<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Executive organization<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nilu.no\/Forsiden\/tabid\/41\/language\/en-GB\/Default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">NILU<\/a><br>NILU started CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0measurements at the Zeppelin Observatory in 2012<br><br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.aces.su.se\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry<\/a><br>University of Stockholm started the CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0measurements at the Zeppelin Observatory in 1990<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Contact persons<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nilu.com\/employee\/stephen-matthew-platt\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Stephen Matthew Platt<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Method<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">At the Zeppelin station carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>) was monitored by Stockholm University (Institute of Applied Environmental Research, ITM) until 2013. Stockholm University maintained a continuous infrared CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0instrument, which has been monitoring from 1990 to summer 2013. This instrument was run in parallel with the NILU\u2019s new cavity ring down spectrometer for CO<sub>2<\/sub> and CH<sub>4 <\/sub>(Picarro, G2401) for one year before it was stopped. Concentrations are since then monitored by\u00a0NILU\u2019s instrument using a set of\u00a0NOAA\u00a0reference standards as a cooperation between the two institutes. Both methods were included in the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) audit in September 2012, showing good results for both methods and good consistency between instruments. N<sub>2<\/sub>O is also measured at Zeppelin using a Picarro instrument (G5310).\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Zeppelin Observatory is now part of the ICOS measurement network as a Class 1 atmospheric station, i.e. the Observatory fulfils all criteria set by ICOS for contributing to global data sets of CO<sub>2<\/sub>,CO, CH<sub>4<\/sub> and N<sub>2<\/sub>O.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The continuous measurements are supplemented by a weekly flask sampling programme run in co-operation with&nbsp;NOAA&nbsp;CMDL. Analysis of the flask samples provides CH<sub>4<\/sub>, CO, H<sub>2<\/sub>, N<sub>2<\/sub>O and SF<sub>6<\/sub>&nbsp;data for the Zeppelin Observatory. Annual mean values are primarily based on measurements, but modelled empirical background values are used if there are any days for which observations are missing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quality<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Carbon dioxide<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Both Stockholm University and NILU\u2019s methods were included in the&nbsp;GAW&nbsp;audit in September 2012, showing good results for both methods and good consistency between instruments. The quality of the data is also ensured through real time transmission of data to ICOS\u2019 carbon portal, where data are automatically processed to make \u201cLevel 1\u201d data, and then yearly \u201cLevel 2\u201d products, following a more thorough ICOS quality control. &nbsp;ICOS data and metadata follow the FAIR principles, meaning that they are searchable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable. FAIR is an acronym for \u201cFindable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Methane<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ingos-infrastructure.eu\/\">Harmonisation of historic concentration measurements<\/a>&nbsp;during 2012. All original measurement signals were processed using new and improved software, in order to calculate each individual measurement during the previous 12 years. This software simplifies systems for quality assurance, control, and the detection of measurement errors. All old and new data are analysed against the latest reference standards. The quality of CH<sub>4 <\/sub>is also ensured through ICOS, same as for CO<sub>2.<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nitrous oxide<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Nitrous oxide was previously measured using a gas chromatograph with an electron capture detector. This instrument generally worked well, but there were some gaps in the measurements because of problems with the delivery of carrier gas. In order to produce good results, the instrument needs a special gas mixture, which has a long delivery time. A new instrument for measuring nitrous oxide concentrations was installed at Zeppelin in 2017 as part of ICOS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Other metadata<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\"><a href=\"http:\/\/ebas.nilu.no\/DataSets.aspx?stations=NO0042G&amp;nations=NO578NOR&amp;InstrumentTypes=GC-ECD,GC-FID,online_gc,tracegas_monitor&amp;matrices=air&amp;fromDate=1970-01-01&amp;toDate=2016-12-31\">Access all underlying measurement data<\/a>&nbsp;in the \u00abEBAS\u00bb database<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/gml.noaa.gov\/ccgg\/obspack\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Data on CO<sub>2<\/sub> pre 2012 (Stockholm University)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reference level and action level<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">No action level is set, but all greenhouse gases are indirectly regulated through the international climate agreements and goals of reducing global warming. Comparisons with both global levels and measurements from other stations are conducted.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Status and trend<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The annual mean CO\u2082 concentration at Zeppelin in 2024 was 424.7 ppm, representing an increase of 3.2 ppm from the previous year and marking the highest value measured at the site to date. Since NILU began measurements in 2012, the trend shows a steady rise in CO\u2082 with no indication of slowing. Variability is most pronounced in winter and spring, consistent with long-term patterns at this Arctic location.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Methane (CH<sub>4<\/sub>)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The annual mean methane concentration at Zeppelin in 2024 was 2008.9 ppb, an increase of 11.9 ppb from the previous year, and the highest value recorded at the site. The time series continues to show a clear upward trend, with accelerating growth in recent years. Seasonal variation is visible but less pronounced than at other measurement sites closer to major sources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2<\/sub>O)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The annual mean N\u2082O concentration at Zeppelin in 2024 was 338.2 ppb, an increase of 1.20 ppb from the previous year and the highest recorded value at the site. Long-term measurements since 2010 show a steady upward trend, despite occasional data gaps. The 2023 result is based on NOAA flask samples due to technical issues with the in-situ instrument.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Causal factors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Carbon dioxide is the most important man-made greenhouse gas, both globally and in Norway, accounting for over 80% of total national greenhouse gas emissions. The main source is the burning of fossil fuels, but land use changes, such as deforestation, land clearance, and soil degradation, also contribute. While these processes release CO\u2082, land areas can also act as sinks\u2014for example through reforestation or improved land management. In the Arctic, the Zeppelin Observatory records a steady rise in CO\u2082 concentrations, reflecting the global imbalance between anthropogenic emissions and natural sinks. Most emissions come from fossil fuel use and cement production, which, though small compared to natural fluxes, are enough to drive atmospheric levels higher.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Methane (CH<sub>4<\/sub>)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Methane sources include boreal and tropical wetlands, rice paddies, ruminant animals, waste, biomass burning, termites, and fossil fuel extraction and use. Methane is also the main component of natural gas, and leaks from pipelines and installations are a known anthropogenic source. Globally, around 60% of emissions are man-made. Isotope measurements suggest that much of the recent increase is linked to wetlands, where climate-driven changes have boosted methanogenic microbial activity. This creates a feedback loop, as warming leads to more emissions, which in turn intensify climate change. Emissions from tropical wetlands appear to be a major contributor, while Arctic sources like thawing permafrost remain a potential concern. The rise in methane since 2005 may also reflect increased leakage from fossil fuel infrastructure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2<\/sub>O)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas with both natural and man-made sources. These include oceans, tropical forests, biomass burning, cultivated soils, use of synthetic fertilizers, and various industrial processes. Emissions from agricultural soils are especially important, but estimates carry considerable uncertainty\u2014particularly for soil, combustion, and marine sources. Frozen peat in Arctic tundra has been identified as a potential source, though recent studies, including those led by NILU, point to tropical and sub-tropical regions as the dominant contributors. While anthropogenic emissions account for about 45% of the global total, natural processes also play a significant role in driving observed increases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Consequences<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">An increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is directly related to climate change and increasing temperatures globally. The rise in temperature in the Arctic is greater than the rise in the global mean, which is consistent with current climate models.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Carbon dioxide is the most significant anthropogenic greenhouse gas. Since 1750, its radiative forcing has increased to 2.16 W\/m\u00b2, up from 1.82 W\/m\u00b2 reported in the previous IPCC assessment. This rise is attributed to the continuous increase in atmospheric CO\u2082 concentrations in recent years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Methane (CH<sub>4<\/sub>)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Methane is the second most important greenhouse gas resulting from human activities. Its radiative forcing was 0.54 W\/m\u00b2 in 2019, an increase from 0.48 W\/m\u00b2 in 2011. When accounting for indirect effects, such as its influence on ozone and stratospheric water vapor, methane&#8217;s total radiative forcing is higher. The atmospheric lifetime of methane is approximately 12 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2<\/sub>O)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas with a radiative forcing of 0.21 W\/m\u00b2 as of 2019, up from 0.17 W\/m\u00b2 in 2011. It accounts for about 6% of the total radiative forcing since 1750. Additionally, N\u2082O is a major source of ozone-depleting nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO\u2082) in the stratosphere, thereby affecting the stratospheric ozone layer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">About the monitoring<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The atmospheric monitoring programme \u201cMonitoring of greenhouse gases and aerosols at the Zeppelin Observatory, Svalbard, and Birkenes Observatory, Aust-Agder, Norway\u201d focuses on the level of greenhouse gases and aerosols properties relevant for the interaction of aerosols and radiation in the Norwegian background air and in the Arctic. The main objectives are to quantify the levels of greenhouse gases including ozone depleting substances, describe the relevant optical and physical properties of aerosols, and document the development over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Measurements of greenhouse gases and aerosol properties provide key data for studies and evaluations of climate change, and are also vital for assessing strategies for emission reductions and evaluating whether measures are effective. The Norwegian monitoring stations are located in areas where the influence of local sources is minimal, with the result that the stations are representative of a wider region and can demonstrate long-term changes in the composition of the atmosphere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Places and areas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/zeppelin\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Zeppelin Observatory, Ny-\u00c5lesund, Svalbard<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relations to other monitoring<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Monitoring programme<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-sizing-medium\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nilu.com\/facility\/nilus-observatories-and-monitoring-stations\/zeppelin-observatory\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Zeppelin Observatory<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miljodirektoratet.no\/ansvarsomrader\/overvaking-arealplanlegging\/miljoovervaking\/overvakingsprogrammer\/forurensning-og-klimagasser\/klimagasser-ozonlag-uv-straling-og-atmosfarisk-forurensning\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Greenhouse gasses, ozon, UV-radiation and atmospheric pollution&nbsp;(<em>in Norwegian<\/em>)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">International environmental agreements<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-sizing-medium\">\n<li>None<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Voluntary international cooperation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-sizing-medium\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.emep.int\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.amap.no\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.wmo.int\/pages\/prog\/arep\/gaw\/gaw_home_en.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The World Meteorological Organization, Global Atmosphere Watch programme (WMO\/GAW)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/agage.mit.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Related monitoring<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-sizing-medium\">\n<li>None<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further reading<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Links<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-sizing-medium\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.norskeutslipp.no\/en\/Frontpage\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Emissions to air from oil and gass<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Publications<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>IPCC. (2021). <a href=\"http:\/\/IPCC. (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P.,  A. Pirani, A., Connors, S.L., P\u00e9an, C., Berger, S. ... &amp; B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2391 pp. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781009157896.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis<\/em>. C<em>ontribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change<\/em>.<\/a> [Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P.,  A. Pirani, A., Connors, S.L., P\u00e9an, C., Berger, S. &#8230; &amp; B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2391 pp. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781009157896\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781009157896<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Myhre, G., Shindell, D., Br\u00e9on, F.-M., Collins, W., Fuglestvedt, J., Huang, J. &#8230; &amp; Zhang, H. (2013). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/site\/assets\/uploads\/2018\/02\/WG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing<\/a>. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.K., Tignor, M, Allen, S.K., Boschung, J. &#8230; &amp; Midgley, P.M. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Platt, S. M., Hov, \u00d8., Berg, T., Breivik, K., Eckhardt, S., Eleftheriadis, K., &#8230; &amp; T\u00f8rseth, K. (2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-22-3321-2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Atmospheric composition in the European Arctic and 30 years of the Zeppelin Observatory, Ny-\u00c5lesund.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Atmospheric chemistry and physics<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>22<\/em>(5), 3321-3369. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-22-3321-2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-22-3321-2022<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Platt, S. M., Svendby, T. M., Hermansen, O., Lunder, C. R., Fiebig, M., Fj\u00e6raa, A. M., &#8230; &amp; Stebel, K. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/nilu.brage.unit.no\/nilu-xmlui\/handle\/11250\/3171271\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Monitoring of greenhouse gases and aerosols at Svalbard and Birkenes in 2023. Annual report<\/em>.<\/a>&nbsp;(NILU report 28\/2024). NILU.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Aas, W., Platt, S., Solberg, S., &amp; Yttri, K.E. (2015).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/nilu.brage.unit.no\/nilu-xmlui\/handle\/11250\/2383289\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Monitoring of long-range transported air pollutants in Norway, annual report 2014<\/em>.<\/a> (M-367\/2015)(NILU OR, 20\/2015). Milj\u00f8direktoratet og NILU.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":62477,"parent":1139,"menu_order":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-1150","bc_indicator","type-bc_indicator","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1150","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/bc_indicator"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1150\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":64062,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1150\/revisions\/64062"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1139"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/62477"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1150"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}