{"id":1165,"date":"2022-04-11T14:42:08","date_gmt":"2022-04-11T12:42:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/indikator\/climate\/ocean%ef%bf%bc%ef%bf%bc\/havisutbredelse-i-barentshavet-og-framstredet\/"},"modified":"2026-03-25T13:04:00","modified_gmt":"2026-03-25T12:04:00","slug":"sea-ice-extent-in-the-barents-sea-and-fram-strait","status":"publish","type":"bc_indicator","link":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/indikator\/climate\/ocean\/sea-ice-extent-in-the-barents-sea-and-fram-strait\/","title":{"rendered":"Sea ice extent in the Barents Sea and Fram Strait"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-sizing-small\">Last updated 23 October 2024<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">It is important to monitor the extent of sea ice because it is vital for the climate in the Arctic and globally, and because it sets important limits for the ecosystems in the Arctic. The sea ice extent in the Barents Sea and the Fram Strait is presented here. The extent in April is presented because it is usually at its maximum then, and in September, as that is when it is usually at its minimum. The data presented here are derived from satellite monitoring, which began in 1979.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"960\" src=\"http:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/np076125-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-62485\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/np076125-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/np076125-300x113.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/np076125-1024x384.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/np076125-768x288.jpg 768w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/np076125-1536x576.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/np076125-2048x768.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/np076125-684x257.jpg 684w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Sea ice on Svalbard. Photo: Jon Aars \/ Norwegian Polar Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-white-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-sizing-medium\">What is being monitored?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-mosj-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-mosj-yellow-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-sizing-medium\">Sea ice extent<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"224\"\n     style=\"height: 400px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4 wdt-chart-three\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7 \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2 wdt-chart-two\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5 wdt-chart-four\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6 wdt-chart-five\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-static-background\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style>\n    \n<\/style>    <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n        if (typeof (wpDataCharts) == 'undefined') wpDataCharts = {};\n        wpDataCharts[224] = {\n            render_data: {\"wdtNumberFormat\":\"1\",\"options\":{\"title\":{\"text\":\"Sea ice extent in the Barents Sea in April\",\"floating\":false,\"align\":\"center\"},\"series\":[{\"type\":\"\",\"name\":\"Extent\",\"color\":\"\",\"label\":\"Extent\",\"orig_header\":\"extent\",\"data\":[1021.03,835.99,1034.17,928.3,741.26,782.72,836.6,911.88,932.41,884.75,775.29,639.44,705.1,646.81,830.06,731.21,583.9,802.44,877.88,981.02,840.94,724.42,786.92,650.35,892.08,693.15,694.94,460.6,555.56,585.4,711.27,711.75,671.42,561.29,624.35,649.31,500.06,447.6,583.08,627.9,639.48,774.15,532.02,693.85,635.73],\"yAxis\":0},{\"type\":\"\",\"name\":\"Three years running average\",\"color\":\"\",\"label\":\"Three years running average\",\"orig_header\":\"threeyearsrunningaverage\",\"data\":[null,963.73,932.82,901.24,817.43,786.86,843.73,893.63,909.68,864.15,766.49,706.61,663.78,727.33,736.03,715.06,705.85,754.74,887.11,899.94,848.79,784.09,720.56,776.45,745.19,760.06,616.23,570.37,533.85,617.41,669.47,698.15,648.15,619.02,611.65,591.24,532.33,510.25,552.86,616.82,680.51,648.55,666.67,620.53,null],\"yAxis\":0},{\"type\":\"\",\"name\":\"Trend\",\"color\":\"\",\"label\":\"Trend\",\"orig_header\":\"trend\",\"data\":[892.18,884.68,877.19,869.7,862.2,854.71,847.22,839.73,832.23,824.74,817.25,809.75,802.26,794.77,787.27,779.78,772.29,764.8,757.3,749.81,742.32,734.82,727.33,719.84,712.34,704.85,697.36,689.87,682.37,674.88,667.39,659.89,652.4,644.91,637.41,629.92,622.43,614.94,607.44,599.95,592.46,584.96,577.47,569.98,562.48],\"yAxis\":0}],\"xAxis\":{\"categories\":[\"1979\",\"1980\",\"1981\",\"1982\",\"1983\",\"1984\",\"1985\",\"1986\",\"1987\",\"1988\",\"1989\",\"1990\",\"1991\",\"1992\",\"1993\",\"1994\",\"1995\",\"1996\",\"1997\",\"1998\",\"1999\",\"2000\",\"2001\",\"2002\",\"2003\",\"2004\",\"2005\",\"2006\",\"2007\",\"2008\",\"2009\",\"2010\",\"2011\",\"2012\",\"2013\",\"2014\",\"2015\",\"2016\",\"2017\",\"2018\",\"2019\",\"2020\",\"2021\",\"2022\",\"2023\"],\"crosshair\":false},\"yAxis\":[{\"gridLineDashStyle\":\"solid\",\"title\":{\"text\":\"Sea ice extent (10\\u00b3 km\\u00b2)\"},\"crosshair\":false},[],[]],\"chart\":{\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"borderWidth\":0,\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":0,\"zoomType\":\"none\",\"panning\":false,\"panKey\":\"shift\",\"plotBackgroundColor\":\"\",\"plotBackgroundImage\":\"\",\"plotBorderColor\":\"\",\"plotBorderWidth\":0,\"inverted\":false},\"subtitle\":{\"text\":\"\",\"align\":\"center\"},\"tooltip\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"rgba(255,255,255,0.85)\",\"borderWidth\":\"1\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"3\",\"shared\":true,\"valuePrefix\":\"\",\"valueSuffix\":\"\"},\"legend\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"title\":{\"text\":\"\"},\"layout\":\"horizontal\",\"align\":\"center\",\"verticalAlign\":\"bottom\",\"borderWidth\":\"0\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"0\"},\"exporting\":{\"enabled\":true,\"chartOptions\":{\"plotOptions\":{\"series\":{\"dataLabels\":{\"enabled\":false}}}},\"filename\":\"\",\"width\":\"\",\"buttons\":{\"contextButton\":{\"align\":\"right\",\"verticalAlign\":\"top\",\"symbolStroke\":\"#666\",\"text\":\"\"}}},\"credits\":{\"enabled\":true,\"href\":\"\",\"text\":\"Data: Norwegian Polar Institute\"}},\"type\":\"highcharts_line_chart\",\"height\":400},\n            engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_line_chart\",\n            title: \"Sea ice extent in the Barents Sea in April\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_224\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 225,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_224\" class=\"highcharts_line_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">The figure shows the sea ice extent in April in the Barents Sea, the month that normally has the highest prevalence of ice in the area. Data are shown as monthly mean values \u200b\u200bfor each year (blue),&nbsp;3 years&nbsp;running average values (dark blue)\u200b, and linear trend throughout the period (red dotted line). The interannual variation is large, but there is also an obvious negative trend for April through the period. The lowest record of extent was observed in April 2016, and highest in 1981.<br>(<em>Cite these data: Norwegian Polar Institute (2024). Sea ice extent in the Barents Sea in April. Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ). URL: https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/climate\/ocean\/sea-ice-extent-barents-sea-fram-strait.html<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-mosj-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-mosj-yellow-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/climate\/ocean\/sea-ice-extent-barents-sea-fram-strait.html#p-data-sea-ice-extent-in-the-barents-sea-in-april\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"223\"\n     style=\"height: 400px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4 wdt-chart-three\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7 \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2 wdt-chart-two\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5 wdt-chart-four\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6 wdt-chart-five\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-static-background\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style>\n    \n<\/style>    <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n        if (typeof (wpDataCharts) == 'undefined') wpDataCharts = {};\n        wpDataCharts[223] = {\n            render_data: {\"wdtNumberFormat\":\"1\",\"options\":{\"title\":{\"text\":\"Sea ice extent in the Barents Sea in September\",\"floating\":false,\"align\":\"center\"},\"series\":[{\"type\":\"\",\"name\":\"Extent\",\"color\":\"\",\"label\":\"Extent\",\"orig_header\":\"extent\",\"data\":[31.25,186.78,175.55,315.48,111.72,47.12,61.59,160.79,214.54,251.01,315.21,121.19,156.38,162.73,265.94,136.29,118.1,42.1,137.69,183.44,81.96,128.44,22.25,145.58,237.25,26.6,90.98,109.19,56.94,142.63,127.67,147.9,17.88,17.52,11.1,252.96,48.42,57.31,64.25,16.42,95.92,13.87,16.37,39.27,66.94],\"yAxis\":0},{\"type\":\"\",\"name\":\"Three years running average\",\"color\":\"\",\"label\":\"Three years running average\",\"orig_header\":\"threeyearsrunningaverage\",\"data\":[null,131.19,225.94,200.92,158.11,73.48,89.84,145.64,208.78,260.25,229.14,197.59,146.76,195.01,188.32,173.44,98.83,99.3,121.08,134.36,131.28,77.55,98.76,135.03,136.48,118.28,75.59,85.7,102.92,109.08,139.4,97.81,61.1,15.5,93.86,104.16,119.56,56.66,45.99,58.86,42.07,42.06,23.17,40.86,null],\"yAxis\":0},{\"type\":\"\",\"name\":\"Trend\",\"color\":\"\",\"label\":\"Trend\",\"orig_header\":\"trend\",\"data\":[184.56,181.46,178.35,175.25,172.14,169.04,165.93,162.82,159.72,156.61,153.51,150.4,147.29,144.19,141.08,137.98,134.87,131.76,128.66,125.55,122.45,119.34,116.23,113.13,110.02,106.92,103.81,100.7,97.6,94.49,91.39,88.28,85.17,82.07,78.96,75.86,72.75,69.64,66.54,63.43,60.33,57.22,54.11,51.01,47.9],\"yAxis\":0}],\"xAxis\":{\"categories\":[\"1979\",\"1980\",\"1981\",\"1982\",\"1983\",\"1984\",\"1985\",\"1986\",\"1987\",\"1988\",\"1989\",\"1990\",\"1991\",\"1992\",\"1993\",\"1994\",\"1995\",\"1996\",\"1997\",\"1998\",\"1999\",\"2000\",\"2001\",\"2002\",\"2003\",\"2004\",\"2005\",\"2006\",\"2007\",\"2008\",\"2009\",\"2010\",\"2011\",\"2012\",\"2013\",\"2014\",\"2015\",\"2016\",\"2017\",\"2018\",\"2019\",\"2020\",\"2021\",\"2022\",\"2023\"],\"crosshair\":false},\"yAxis\":[{\"gridLineDashStyle\":\"solid\",\"title\":{\"text\":\"Sea ice extent (10\\u00b3 km\\u00b2)\"},\"crosshair\":false},[],[]],\"chart\":{\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"borderWidth\":0,\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":0,\"zoomType\":\"none\",\"panning\":false,\"panKey\":\"shift\",\"plotBackgroundColor\":\"\",\"plotBackgroundImage\":\"\",\"plotBorderColor\":\"\",\"plotBorderWidth\":0,\"inverted\":false},\"subtitle\":{\"text\":\"\",\"align\":\"center\"},\"tooltip\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"rgba(255,255,255,0.85)\",\"borderWidth\":\"1\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"3\",\"shared\":true,\"valuePrefix\":\"\",\"valueSuffix\":\"\"},\"legend\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"title\":{\"text\":\"\"},\"layout\":\"horizontal\",\"align\":\"center\",\"verticalAlign\":\"bottom\",\"borderWidth\":\"0\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"0\"},\"exporting\":{\"enabled\":true,\"chartOptions\":{\"plotOptions\":{\"series\":{\"dataLabels\":{\"enabled\":false}}}},\"filename\":\"\",\"width\":\"\",\"buttons\":{\"contextButton\":{\"align\":\"right\",\"verticalAlign\":\"top\",\"symbolStroke\":\"#666\",\"text\":\"\"}}},\"credits\":{\"enabled\":true,\"href\":\"\",\"text\":\"Data: Norwegian Polar Institute\"}},\"type\":\"highcharts_line_chart\",\"height\":400},\n            engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_line_chart\",\n            title: \"Sea ice extent in the Barents Sea in September\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_223\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 224,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_223\" class=\"highcharts_line_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">The figure shows the sea ice extent in September in the Barents Sea, the month when the sea-ice extent is normally at its lowest in the area.Data are shown as monthly mean values \u200b\u200bfor each year (blue),&nbsp;3 years&nbsp;running average values (dark blue)\u200b, and linear trend throughout the period (red dotted line). September shows a negative trend throughout the period, but interannual variations are also large. The lowest extent for September was observed in 2013, and the highest in 1989.<br>(<em>Cite these data:Norwegian Polar Institute (2024). Sea ice extent in the Barents Sea in September. Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ). URL: https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/climate\/ocean\/sea-ice-extent-barents-sea-fram-strait.html<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-mosj-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-mosj-yellow-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"222\"\n     style=\"height: 400px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4 wdt-chart-three\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7 \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2 wdt-chart-two\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5 wdt-chart-four\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6 wdt-chart-five\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-static-background\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style>\n    \n<\/style>    <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n        if (typeof (wpDataCharts) == 'undefined') wpDataCharts = {};\n        wpDataCharts[222] = {\n            render_data: {\"wdtNumberFormat\":\"1\",\"options\":{\"title\":{\"text\":\"Sea ice extent in the Fram Strait in April\",\"floating\":false,\"align\":\"center\"},\"series\":[{\"type\":\"\",\"name\":\"Extent\",\"color\":\"\",\"label\":\"Extent\",\"orig_header\":\"extent\",\"data\":[705.28,591.05,590.02,699.48,516.47,407.09,698.9,748.75,574.7,694.6,578.17,551.31,524.1,585.04,457.23,411.96,469.67,617.92,571,505.1,418.75,502.73,568.35,447.75,537.17,393.1,497.48,383.02,472.04,481.04,473.44,462.15,439.6,487.65,514.48,478.4,412.35,444.54,529.1,405.19,494.13,560.15,406.98,503.65,545.83],\"yAxis\":0},{\"type\":\"\",\"name\":\"Three years running average\",\"color\":\"\",\"label\":\"Three years running average\",\"orig_header\":\"threeyearsrunningaverage\",\"data\":[null,628.78,626.85,601.99,541.01,540.82,618.25,674.11,672.68,615.82,608.03,551.19,553.49,522.12,484.74,446.28,499.85,552.86,564.67,498.28,475.53,496.61,506.28,517.76,459.34,475.92,424.53,450.85,445.37,475.51,472.21,458.4,463.13,480.58,493.51,468.41,445.1,462,459.61,476.14,486.49,487.08,490.26,485.49,null],\"yAxis\":0},{\"type\":\"\",\"name\":\"Trend\",\"color\":\"\",\"label\":\"Trend\",\"orig_header\":\"trend\",\"data\":[602.7,598.89,595.09,591.29,587.49,583.68,579.88,576.08,572.28,568.47,564.67,560.87,557.07,553.26,549.46,545.66,541.86,538.05,534.25,530.45,526.65,522.84,519.04,515.24,511.44,507.64,503.83,500.03,496.23,492.43,488.62,484.82,481.02,477.22,473.41,469.61,465.81,462.01,458.2,454.4,450.6,446.8,442.99,439.19,435.39],\"yAxis\":0}],\"xAxis\":{\"categories\":[\"1979\",\"1980\",\"1981\",\"1982\",\"1983\",\"1984\",\"1985\",\"1986\",\"1987\",\"1988\",\"1989\",\"1990\",\"1991\",\"1992\",\"1993\",\"1994\",\"1995\",\"1996\",\"1997\",\"1998\",\"1999\",\"2000\",\"2001\",\"2002\",\"2003\",\"2004\",\"2005\",\"2006\",\"2007\",\"2008\",\"2009\",\"2010\",\"2011\",\"2012\",\"2013\",\"2014\",\"2015\",\"2016\",\"2017\",\"2018\",\"2019\",\"2020\",\"2021\",\"2022\",\"2023\"],\"crosshair\":false},\"yAxis\":[{\"gridLineDashStyle\":\"solid\",\"title\":{\"text\":\"Sea ice extent (10\\u00b3 km\\u00b2)\"},\"crosshair\":false},[],[]],\"chart\":{\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"borderWidth\":0,\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":0,\"zoomType\":\"none\",\"panning\":false,\"panKey\":\"shift\",\"plotBackgroundColor\":\"\",\"plotBackgroundImage\":\"\",\"plotBorderColor\":\"\",\"plotBorderWidth\":0,\"inverted\":false},\"subtitle\":{\"text\":\"\",\"align\":\"center\"},\"tooltip\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"rgba(255,255,255,0.85)\",\"borderWidth\":\"1\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"3\",\"shared\":true,\"valuePrefix\":\"\",\"valueSuffix\":\"\"},\"legend\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"title\":{\"text\":\"\"},\"layout\":\"horizontal\",\"align\":\"center\",\"verticalAlign\":\"bottom\",\"borderWidth\":\"0\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"0\"},\"exporting\":{\"enabled\":true,\"chartOptions\":{\"plotOptions\":{\"series\":{\"dataLabels\":{\"enabled\":false}}}},\"filename\":\"\",\"width\":\"\",\"buttons\":{\"contextButton\":{\"align\":\"right\",\"verticalAlign\":\"top\",\"symbolStroke\":\"#666\",\"text\":\"\"}}},\"credits\":{\"enabled\":true,\"href\":\"\",\"text\":\"Data: Norwegian Polar Institute\"}},\"type\":\"highcharts_line_chart\",\"height\":400},\n            engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_line_chart\",\n            title: \"Sea ice extent in the Fram Strait in April\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_222\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 223,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_222\" class=\"highcharts_line_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">The figure shows the sea ice extent in September in the Fram Strait, the month when the sea-ice extent is normally at its lowest in the area. Data are shown as monthly mean values \u200b\u200bfor each year (blue),&nbsp;3 years&nbsp;running average values (dark blue)\u200b, and linear trend throughout the period (red dotted line). September shows a negative trend throughout the period, but interannual variations are also large. The lowest extent for September was observed in 2006, and the highest in 1986. <br>(<em>Cite these data: Norwegian Polar Institute (2024). Sea ice extent in the Fram Strait in April. Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ). URL: https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/climate\/ocean\/sea-ice-extent-barents-sea-fram-strait.html<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-mosj-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-mosj-yellow-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"221\"\n     style=\"height: 400px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4 wdt-chart-three\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7 \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2 wdt-chart-two\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5 wdt-chart-four\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6 wdt-chart-five\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-static-background\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style>\n    \n<\/style>    <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n        if (typeof (wpDataCharts) == 'undefined') wpDataCharts = {};\n        wpDataCharts[221] = {\n            render_data: {\"wdtNumberFormat\":\"1\",\"options\":{\"title\":{\"text\":\"Sea ice extent in the Fram Strait in September\",\"floating\":false,\"align\":\"center\"},\"series\":[{\"type\":\"\",\"name\":\"Extent\",\"color\":\"\",\"label\":\"Extent\",\"orig_header\":\"extent\",\"data\":[266.52,408.82,355.71,389.21,335.44,296.99,197.06,305.74,415.58,371.57,378.6,212.21,216.71,364.1,349.42,390.15,408.25,223.1,342.96,320.58,293.5,338.15,165.85,135.98,141.06,133.17,309.38,287.54,381.58,222.71,302.67,251.87,300.98,310.35,172.52,252.73,267.15,245.12,136.85,146.85,219.81,233.15,71.19,276.06,291.79],\"yAxis\":0},{\"type\":\"\",\"name\":\"Three year running average\",\"color\":\"\",\"label\":\"Three year running average\",\"orig_header\":\"threeyearrunningaverage\",\"data\":[null,343.68,384.58,360.12,340.55,276.5,266.6,306.13,364.3,388.59,320.8,269.17,264.34,310.08,367.89,382.6,340.5,324.77,295.55,319.01,317.41,265.83,213.33,147.63,136.74,194.53,243.36,326.17,297.28,302.32,259.08,285.17,287.74,261.28,245.2,230.8,255,216.38,176.28,167.84,199.94,174.72,193.47,213.01,null],\"yAxis\":0},{\"type\":\"\",\"name\":\"Trend\",\"color\":\"\",\"label\":\"Trend\",\"orig_header\":\"trend\",\"data\":[349.31,346,342.68,339.37,336.05,332.74,329.42,326.11,322.79,319.47,316.16,312.84,309.53,306.21,302.9,299.58,296.27,292.95,289.63,286.32,283,279.69,276.37,273.06,269.74,266.43,263.11,259.79,256.48,253.16,249.85,246.53,243.22,239.9,236.59,233.27,229.95,226.64,223.32,220.01,216.69,213.38,210.06,206.75,203.43],\"yAxis\":0}],\"xAxis\":{\"categories\":[\"1979\",\"1980\",\"1981\",\"1982\",\"1983\",\"1984\",\"1985\",\"1986\",\"1987\",\"1988\",\"1989\",\"1990\",\"1991\",\"1992\",\"1993\",\"1994\",\"1995\",\"1996\",\"1997\",\"1998\",\"1999\",\"2000\",\"2001\",\"2002\",\"2003\",\"2004\",\"2005\",\"2006\",\"2007\",\"2008\",\"2009\",\"2010\",\"2011\",\"2012\",\"2013\",\"2014\",\"2015\",\"2016\",\"2017\",\"2018\",\"2019\",\"2020\",\"2021\",\"2022\",\"2023\"],\"crosshair\":false},\"yAxis\":[{\"gridLineDashStyle\":\"solid\",\"title\":{\"text\":\"Sea ice extent (10\\u00b3 km\\u00b2)\"},\"crosshair\":false},[],[]],\"chart\":{\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"borderWidth\":0,\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":0,\"zoomType\":\"none\",\"panning\":false,\"panKey\":\"shift\",\"plotBackgroundColor\":\"\",\"plotBackgroundImage\":\"\",\"plotBorderColor\":\"\",\"plotBorderWidth\":0,\"inverted\":false},\"subtitle\":{\"text\":\"\",\"align\":\"center\"},\"tooltip\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"rgba(255,255,255,0.85)\",\"borderWidth\":\"1\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"3\",\"shared\":true,\"valuePrefix\":\"\",\"valueSuffix\":\"\"},\"legend\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"title\":{\"text\":\"\"},\"layout\":\"horizontal\",\"align\":\"center\",\"verticalAlign\":\"bottom\",\"borderWidth\":\"0\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"0\"},\"exporting\":{\"enabled\":true,\"chartOptions\":{\"plotOptions\":{\"series\":{\"dataLabels\":{\"enabled\":false}}}},\"filename\":\"\",\"width\":\"\",\"buttons\":{\"contextButton\":{\"align\":\"right\",\"verticalAlign\":\"top\",\"symbolStroke\":\"#666\",\"text\":\"\"}}},\"credits\":{\"enabled\":true,\"href\":\"\",\"text\":\"Data: Norwegian Polar Institute\"}},\"type\":\"highcharts_line_chart\",\"height\":400},\n            engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_line_chart\",\n            title: \"Sea ice extent in the Fram Strait in September\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_221\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 222,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_221\" class=\"highcharts_line_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">The figure shows the ice extent in the Fram Strait in September, the month when the extent normally is at its lowest. Data are shown as monthly mean values \u200b\u200bfor each year (blue),&nbsp;3 years&nbsp;running average values (dark blue)\u200b, and linear trend throughout the period (red dotted line).The year-to-year variation is large, but there is also a distinct negative trend for September throughout the monitoring period. In 2021, the September ice extent was at its absolute minimum in the observation period, and at its highest in 1987.<br>(<em>Cite these data: Norwegian Polar Institute (2024). Sea ice extent in the Fram Strait in September. Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ). URL: https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/climate\/ocean\/sea-ice-extent-barents-sea-fram-strait.html<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-pb-accordion-item c-accordion__item js-accordion-item no-js\" data-initially-open=\"false\" data-click-to-close=\"true\" data-auto-close=\"false\" data-scroll=\"false\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><h2 id=\"at-11651\" class=\"c-accordion__title js-accordion-controller\" role=\"button\">Details on these data<\/h2><div id=\"ac-11651\" class=\"c-accordion__content\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Last updated<\/strong><\/td><td>23 October 2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Update interval<\/strong><\/td><td>Yearly<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Next update<\/strong><\/td><td>May 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Commissioning organization<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.regjeringen.no\/en\/dep\/kld\/id668\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ministry of Climate and Environment<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Executive organization<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Norwegian Polar Institute<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Contact persons<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/people\/sebastian.gerland\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sebastian Gerland<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Method<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">This data set is generated from satellite-based brightness temperature data from the following sensors: Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR), Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) -F8, -F11 and -F13 Special Sensor Microwave\/Imagers (SSM\/I), and DMSP-F17 Special Sensor Microwave Imager\/Sounder (SSMIS). The data are supplied in&nbsp;25\u00d725 km&nbsp;grid cells for the period from 1979 to the present day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Data on sea ice extent presented on MOSJ before 2024 were calculated using a method developed by NASA (Cavalieri et al. 1996). From 2024, however, the data are presented according to the method developed by EUMETSAT OSI SAF. Both methods are based on the same satellite data. A comparison between the two methods shows no significant differences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quality<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">NSIDC performs&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/nsidc.org\/data\/nsidc-0051\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">quality assurance of the basic data<\/a>&nbsp;used in the calculation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Several groups of scientists work continuously on validation, calibration and improvement of the satellite products for measuring sea ice.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Status and trend<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Many scientific publications document the decrease in the sea-ice extent in the Arctic, and many studies have shown that the most dramatic changes in the Barents Sea. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Geographical division and sea ice development<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The sea ice extent in the Barents Sea is calculated in a box delimited by 72\u00b0N and 82\u00b0N and longitudes 10\u00b0E and 60\u00b0E. In the Fram Strait, it is calculated in a box delimited by 70\u00b0N and 82\u00b0N and longitudes 20\u00b0W and 15\u00b0E. In most years, the maximum extent of sea ice in the Barents Sea is in April, and the minimum in September. The minimum and maximum months vary somewhat more in the Fram Strait, but MOSJ has chosen to display the same months here as for the Barents Sea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Barents Sea<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The Barents Sea is characterized by great variation from year to year. The main development in the ice extent during the monitoring period has been a clearly negative trend. Based on a least-squares linear regression, the rates of decadal decrease in April and September were&nbsp;-10.3%&nbsp;and&nbsp;-26.7%, respectively, compared to a multi-year average extent. The time series (1979\u20132023) for the ice extent in April shows 5 years (1979, 1981, 1987, 1998 and 2003) with distinctly high values and 8 (1995, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2012, 2015, 2016 and 2021) with distinctly low values. The minimum extent in April was in 2016, and in 2006 and 2015 were the second and the third lowest extent, respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">In September, there are 5 years (1982, 1989, 1993, 2003 and 2014) when the ice extent in the Barents Sea was particularly large and 13 years (1979, 1984, 1996, 2001, 2004, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2018, 2020, 2021 and 2022) when it was especially small. The greatest extent of sea ice throughout the period was measured in April 1981 and the least in September 2013, with several following years on similarly low levels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Fram Strait<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The ice extent in the Fram Strait also varies greatly from year to year. Both April and September show a declining trend during the monitoring period. The year when the ice extent was at its maximum in April 1986, was 2 years after a marked decrease in the April extent in 1984. Since then, the pattern has generally been that years with an above average ice extent succeed years with a below average ice extent, and the year-to-year variation has decreased up to approximately 2011. After 2011, the year-to-year variation have slightly increased. The lowest sea ice extent in April between 1979 and 2023 was found in 2006, while 20024 had the second lowest sea ice extant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In September, the ice extent varies considerably from year to year throughout the period. The lowest minimum extent since 1979 in September was detected in 2021, followed by similarly low levels in 2002, 2003, 2004,2017 and 2018,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Based on a least-squares linear regression, the rates of decadal decrease in April and September were -7.3% and -12.0%, respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Causal factors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Higher sea and air temperatures result in less sea ice. A declining trend in the ice cover over large parts of the Arctic has been seen ever since satellite measurements began in 1979. As the ice extent in the Fram Strait is also strongly affected by processes in the Arctic Ocean, which causes the signal there to apply to a larger geographical area, while the ice extent in the Barents Sea is a more robust regional indicator for climate development. Ocean currents, such as the influence of Atlantic water reaching the Barents Sea, and precipitation also influence the sea ice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Consequences<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Sea ice plays an important role for the radiation balance on the Earth. Snow-covered sea ice can reflect almost 80% of the incoming solar energy, whereas open water absorbs 90%. Warming of the Arctic can thus lead to melting of the sea ice, which in turn results in more energy being taken up and the Arctic becoming still warmer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Some ecosystems and species are entirely dependent upon the sea ice. Some marine organisms live only in ice-covered waters, and whales, seals and polar bears are dependent upon the sea ice in their life cycles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">About the monitoring<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">It is important to monitor the sea-ice extent because it is vital for the climate in the Arctic and globally, and because it sets important limits for the ecosystems in the Arctic. Since monitoring by satellite monitoring started in 1979, a declining trend for the sea-ice extent in the Arctic is observed. Monitoring is important because conditions for sea ice are a key indicator for measuring the rate of climate change, and positive feedback mechanisms are also connected to the extent of sea ice. A reduction in sea ice changes the Earth\u2019s radiation balance and can alter or displace the arctic ecosystems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Places and areas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/stadnamn\/Barentshavet?ident=737&amp;lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Barents Sea<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/stadnamn\/Framstretet?ident=4044&amp;lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Fram Strait<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relations to other monitoring<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Monitoring programme<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Advisory group on monitoring for the Management Plan of the Barents Sea (monitoring group)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">International environmental agreements<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>None<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Voluntary international cooperation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>None<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Related monitoring<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>None<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further reading<a href=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/fauna\/marine\/zooplankton-species-composition.html#refs\"><\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Links<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/nsidc.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">National Snow and Ice Data Center<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Publications<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Barber, D.G., Meier, W.N., Gerland, S., Mundy, C.J., Holland, M., Kern, S., &amp; Tamura, T. (2017).<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amap.no\/documents\/download\/2987\/inline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> Arctic sea ice. In: Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) 2017<\/a>. pp 103-136. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cavalieri, D.J., Parkinson, C.L., Gloersen, P., &amp; Zwally, H.J. (1996). <a href=\"https:\/\/nsidc.org\/data\/nsidc-0051\/versions\/1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sea Ice Concentrations from Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM\/I-SSMIS Passive Microwave Data, Version 1.<\/a> Boulder, Colorado USA. NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/8GQ8LZQVL0VL\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/8GQ8LZQVL0VL.<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Comiso, J. C., Meier, W. N., &amp; Gersten, R. (2017). <a href=\"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/2017JC012768\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Variability and trends in the A rctic S ea ice cover: Results from different techniques.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>122<\/em>(8), 6883-6900. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2017JC012768\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2017JC012768<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lind, S., Ingvaldsen, R. B., &amp; Furevik, T. (2018). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41558-018-0205-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Arctic warming hotspot in the northern Barents Sea linked to declining sea-ice import.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Nature climate change<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>8<\/em>(7), 634-639. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41558-018-0205-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41558-018-0205-y<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Loeng, H., &amp; Drinkwater, K. (2007). <a href=\"https:\/\/pdf.sciencedirectassets.com\/271722\/1-s2.0-S0967064507X01176\/1-s2.0-S0967064507001968\/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEFoaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDhQmvY4nUnyqnvf4zKa0dM9lSjXv%2FjSmGwgou6vvUtOwIhAMvT5a4zXIPfezVakXvijaqkzqpDsZZRUiup5SJkaHMuKrwFCNP%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQBRoMMDU5MDAzNTQ2ODY1Igwl8DqlEwYzpMikOasqkAWwW1GAIbbo9AwYXanF3C0%2BxoGtuwyEJ56lWTKfDCzjB916fviug6hepqwPeRI4hyySiS6fNdLs%2FC87ZOtUG9aee199GVZQKFEy4ylXKw3nrGz7wgXHEOlgH8pDzvgBddi2Z5EOubNacS4gVMk%2BixQapT5cbJYERXqjpHY%2Fa%2BlOnmNrhvfPQtbzwwfmxEdXFOT2RxDYma68Z61u20q77NXvGxSGRZc2fT5MpHjZnsVEgA%2B%2Bm7jflx9924Yn8wKwFDd2vpI8aax7k1TT0Tu1PA%2BIWjIOebY%2BmJ50EEdQMfxFI6pa7WZC2Hlx6i6lwdT7GVntkIppTWbuzDgA9pA6CfTOXUmk5WW%2FsaXqp6CvxKKn04JQ8lQBav2ZAaLoR1dhiUpg1B53LMk%2F4vWFh7%2BVAYMpnqIiOXxQ5YofhO9c763DHREgRuBDOsB9ujpBBOXgmHkUqjTbtXkSyDjK4jPxBH6uaBDqlOhG7jW4ipdbdCbisYWkJdTnCrwEvfVVAdQdasVTxnV3WSYnrsniyww2nRVSJBpJ3Km2JLHZGwQllYs6FrPJ%2FeKGuBmvGHB9s%2FtbWJ9iL1KlF%2BqLnFcTTlygNPz9G7n2u7PcEBrrsLqyU3a98NAY8NYxalV%2F5SyndgHkMi8hJot04v2%2Bn0rQFNGDl%2B%2B1APkkctajM7WoiK99Dr8bx17cXPA1%2BlURIz7h%2B5Sh2TuI%2BfmvAcnAPAKN6ENy74QIe82pkar8Y4G%2FHqC71dYHxgFAO3iGuwzJNJsyKbZYtH%2FVZTg4At8FXE6PGtOCeM8yNWNt9WZnlbA5iUz1owYWBYWJ2KqnJZHjy55QkPDICkScjD%2FiEl8kQkX3KckVMXZpfkEa7FLmv%2B2g9gK5ZK%2Fy4zDw04WsBjqwAXymNEhYzhAKp85IhY9NKkjzegBmSu74wi%2BoKEf1ajwpCJD1bvh5Y7syPCdR%2F4%2BWL2wq3k85j4XtL87h094MG9Gl9SddMiF2KhCBZ8DPtCqdUNl%2FHEoBiY2%2Bte1JP%2FA%2BPXlGbylqmKUZbQyQrbxaHm0ZLrg7Fo4V%2FjN1%2BfqS3pb3WLAnBB6oadw0FCkSyGkCvQRgMqbJNkXJnvPQxIBrxlm0E71t1BIB39UiRb00C7hc&amp;X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20231219T110342Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=300&amp;X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTY4JUMUVAR%2F20231219%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=9509434b3ade61d63bbdf17573c926b0744c1b4ee3a13caeda0e4e4422a65a62&amp;hash=e5604a7c5d2c9182c492b41d1199c290c5b3bd2396313b9e8cdd79f6dce5b950&amp;host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&amp;pii=S0967064507001968&amp;tid=spdf-7bae21e9-ec17-444f-a745-b4ecb7ff8ecc&amp;sid=0d4e6f00525ec6496a2a6c59316b0b467183gxrqb&amp;type=client&amp;tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&amp;ua=140f5a51510156585156&amp;rr=837f2917ad8b568e&amp;cc=no\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">An overview of the ecosystems of the Barents and Norwegian seas and their response to climate variability.<\/a> <em>Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>54<\/em>(23-26), 2478-2500. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsr2.2007.08.013\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsr2.2007.08.013<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Meier, W.N., Fetterer, F., &amp; Windnagel, A.K. (2017). <a href=\"https:\/\/nsidc.org\/data\/g10016\/versions\/1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Near-Real-Time NOAA\/NSIDC Climate Data Record of Passive Microwave Sea Ice Concentration, Version 1.<\/a> Boulder, Colorado USA. National Snow and Ice Data Center. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7265\/N5FF3QJ6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7265\/N5FF3QJ6<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Onarheim, I.H., &amp; \u00c5rthun, M. (2017). <a href=\"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/2017GL074304\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Toward an ice-free Barents Sea.<\/a> <em>Geophysical Research Letters<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>44<\/em>(16), 8387-8395. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2017GL074304\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2017GL074304<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Onarheim, I. H., Eldevik, T., Smedsrud, L. H., &amp; Stroeve, J. C. (2018). <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/view\/journals\/clim\/31\/12\/jcli-d-17-0427.1.xml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Seasonal and regional manifestation of Arctic sea ice loss.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Journal of Climate<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>31<\/em>(12), 4917-4932. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JCLI-D-17-0427.1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JCLI-D-17-0427.1<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Polyakov, I. V., Pnyushkov, A. V., Alkire, M. B., Ashik, I. M., Baumann, T. M., Carmack, E. C., &#8230; &amp; Yulin, A. (2017). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/full\/10.1126\/science.aai8204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Greater role for Atlantic inflows on sea-ice loss in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Science<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>356<\/em>(6335), 285-291. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aai8204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aai8204<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Spreen,&nbsp;G.,&nbsp;de Steur,&nbsp;L.,&nbsp;Divine,&nbsp;D.,&nbsp;Gerland,&nbsp;S.,&nbsp;Hansen,&nbsp;E., &amp;&nbsp;Kwok,&nbsp;R.&nbsp;(2020).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1029\/2019JC016039\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Arctic sea ice volume export through Fram Strait from 1992 to 2014.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans<\/em>,&nbsp;125,&nbsp;e2019JC016039. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2019JC016039\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2019JC016039<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stroeve, J., &amp; Notz, D. (2018). <a href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/aade56\/pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Changing state of Arctic sea ice across all seasons.<\/a> <em>Environmental Research Letters<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>13<\/em>(10), 103001. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/aade56\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/aade56<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":62485,"parent":1154,"menu_order":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-1165","bc_indicator","type-bc_indicator","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1165","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/bc_indicator"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1165\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":64075,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1165\/revisions\/64075"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1154"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/62485"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1165"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}