{"id":1171,"date":"2022-04-11T14:42:53","date_gmt":"2022-04-11T12:42:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/indikator\/climate\/ocean%ef%bf%bc%ef%bf%bc\/havniva\/"},"modified":"2024-05-02T17:36:06","modified_gmt":"2024-05-02T15:36:06","slug":"sea-level","status":"publish","type":"bc_indicator","link":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/indikator\/climate\/ocean\/sea-level\/","title":{"rendered":"Sea level"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-sizing-small\">Last updated 23 September 2022<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The sea level reflects both short and long-term changes in the climate of the atmosphere, the cryosphere, the land areas, and the oceans. The global average sea level rises with about 3.5 mm per year due to supply of ice and melt water from land ice (mainly from glaciers and Greenland) and thermal expansion of seawater that has become warmer. In Svalbard, however, the sea level is dominated by uplift of the land since the last ice age (>10\u00a0000 years ago), the Little Ice Age (>100 years ago), and increased glacier melting since the 2000s. The sea level in Svalbard is monitored at Barentsburg (since 1948) and in Ny-\u00c5lesund (since 1973). The long-term sea level at Barentsburg is shown here and compared to that of Troms\u00f8 and Vard\u00f8 in mainland Norway.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/xhavniva-6189jpg-325420094jpgpagespeedicaxkwex2v57.jpeg\" alt=\"Sea level\" class=\"wp-image-446\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/xhavniva-6189jpg-325420094jpgpagespeedicaxkwex2v57.jpeg 1200w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/xhavniva-6189jpg-325420094jpgpagespeedicaxkwex2v57-300x113.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/xhavniva-6189jpg-325420094jpgpagespeedicaxkwex2v57-1024x384.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/xhavniva-6189jpg-325420094jpgpagespeedicaxkwex2v57-768x288.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/xhavniva-6189jpg-325420094jpgpagespeedicaxkwex2v57-684x257.jpeg 684w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Photo: Stein \u00d8. Nilsen \/ Norwegian Polar Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-white-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-sizing-medium\">What is being monitored?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-mosj-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-mosj-yellow-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-sizing-medium\">Sea level<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"220\"\n     style=\"height: 400px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4 wdt-chart-three\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7 \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2 wdt-chart-two\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5 wdt-chart-four\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6 wdt-chart-five\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-static-background\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style>\n    \n<\/style>    <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n        if (typeof (wpDataCharts) == 'undefined') wpDataCharts = {};\n        wpDataCharts[220] = {\n            render_data: {\"wdtNumberFormat\":\"1\",\"options\":{\"title\":{\"text\":\"Sea level in Barentsburg \\u2013 annual 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mean sea level (mm)\"},\"crosshair\":false}],\"chart\":{\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"borderWidth\":0,\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":0,\"zoomType\":\"none\",\"panning\":false,\"panKey\":\"shift\",\"plotBackgroundColor\":\"\",\"plotBackgroundImage\":\"\",\"plotBorderColor\":\"\",\"plotBorderWidth\":0,\"inverted\":false},\"subtitle\":{\"text\":\"\",\"align\":\"center\"},\"tooltip\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"rgba(255,255,255,0.85)\",\"borderWidth\":\"1\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"3\",\"shared\":true,\"valuePrefix\":\"\",\"valueSuffix\":\"\"},\"legend\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"title\":{\"text\":\"\"},\"layout\":\"horizontal\",\"align\":\"center\",\"verticalAlign\":\"bottom\",\"borderWidth\":\"0\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"0\"},\"exporting\":{\"enabled\":true,\"chartOptions\":{\"plotOptions\":{\"series\":{\"dataLabels\":{\"enabled\":false}}}},\"filename\":\"\",\"width\":\"\",\"buttons\":{\"contextButton\":{\"align\":\"right\",\"verticalAlign\":\"top\",\"symbolStroke\":\"#666\",\"text\":\"\"}}},\"credits\":{\"enabled\":true,\"href\":\"\",\"text\":\"Data: World Data Center, Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring\"}},\"type\":\"highcharts_line_chart\",\"height\":400},\n            engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_line_chart\",\n            title: \"Sea level in Barentsburg \u2013 annual mean\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_220\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 221,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_220\" class=\"highcharts_line_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">The figure shows the annual average sea level at Barentsburg. The general decline in the observed level is caused by the land uplift after the last Ice Age and the Little Ice Age, whilst the stronger decline since the 1990s may reflect increased glacier melting over the past decades. Other factors may also have contributed, such as variations in sea currents, sea temperature, atmospheric pressure and wind direction that may affect the sea level.<br>(<em>Cite these data: <em><em>World Data Center, Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring<\/em><\/em> (2022). Sea level in Barentsburg \u2013 annual mean. Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ). URL: https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/climate\/ocean\/sea-level.html<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-mosj-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-mosj-yellow-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"219\"\n     style=\"height: 400px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4 wdt-chart-three\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7 \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2 wdt-chart-two\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5 wdt-chart-four\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6 wdt-chart-five\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-static-background\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style>\n    \n<\/style>    <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n        if (typeof (wpDataCharts) == 'undefined') wpDataCharts = {};\n        wpDataCharts[219] = {\n            render_data: {\"wdtNumberFormat\":\"1\",\"options\":{\"title\":{\"text\":\"Sea level in Troms\\u00f8 - 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annual mean\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_219\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 220,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_219\" class=\"highcharts_line_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">The figure shows the annual average sea level in Troms\u00f8. Whereas a decline is observed in the first part of the monitoring period (1948-1985), the sea level has generally risen in the second part (1985-2020). In the last two decades sea level in Troms\u00f8 has had a slightly positive trend of\u00a00.4 mm\/yr.<br>(<em>Cite these data: The Norwegian Mapping Authority<\/em> <em>(2022). Sea level in Troms\u00f8 \u2013 annual mean. Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ). URL: https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/climate\/ocean\/sea-level.html<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-mosj-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-mosj-yellow-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"218\"\n     style=\"height: 400px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4 wdt-chart-three\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7 \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2 wdt-chart-two\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5 wdt-chart-four\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6 wdt-chart-five\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-static-background\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style>\n    \n<\/style>    <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n        if (typeof (wpDataCharts) == 'undefined') wpDataCharts = {};\n        wpDataCharts[218] = {\n            render_data: {\"wdtNumberFormat\":\"1\",\"options\":{\"title\":{\"text\":\"Sea level in Vard\\u00f8 - 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annual mean\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_218\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 219,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_218\" class=\"highcharts_line_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">The figure shows the annual average sea level in Vard\u00f8. Whereas a decline is observed in the first part of the monitoring period (1948-1985), the sea level has generally risen in the second part (1985-2021). In the last two decades sea level in Vard\u00f8 has had a very slight positive trend of 0.06 mm\/yr.<br>(<em>Cite these data: <em>The Norwegian Mapping Authority<\/em> (2022). Sea level in Vard\u00f8 \u2013 annual mean. Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ). URL: https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/climate\/ocean\/sea-level.html<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-pb-accordion-item c-accordion__item js-accordion-item no-js\" data-initially-open=\"false\" data-click-to-close=\"true\" data-auto-close=\"false\" data-scroll=\"false\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><h2 id=\"at-11711\" class=\"c-accordion__title js-accordion-controller\" role=\"button\">Details on these data<\/h2><div id=\"ac-11711\" class=\"c-accordion__content\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Last updated<\/strong><\/td><td>23 September 2022<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Update interval<\/strong><\/td><td>Yearly<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Next update<\/strong><\/td><td>November 2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Commissioning organization<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Norwegian Polar Institute<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Executive organization<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kartverket.no\/en\/at-sea\/se-havniva\/sea-level\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Norwegian Mapping Authority<\/a><br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Norwegian Polar Institute<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Contact persons<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/people\/tore.hattermann\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Laura de Steur<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Method<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Calculations of monthly and annual mean sea levels based on average hourly heights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">All these data show only relative sea-level changes, because they can include movement of the land on which the tide gauge is situated. In particular, land movements are caused by isostatic adjustment resulting from the response of the mantle to the melting of large ice sheets. The rate of land uplift for northern Norway is several millimetres per year on a time scale of more than one decade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Revised Local Reference (RLR) data are used from the&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.psmsl.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL)<\/a>&nbsp;data set. In order to construct time series of sea-level measurements at each station, the monthly and annual means have to be reduced to a common datum. This reduction is performed by the PSMSL making use of the tide gauge datum history. The PSMSL recommends that only RLR data should be used for time-series analysis (see&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.psmsl.org\/data\/obtaining\/rlr.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Revised Local Reference (RLR) Definition on the PSMSL web page<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quality<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">It is necessary to make periodic geodetic surveys to determine any vertical changes of the benchmark at the tide gauge station.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Other metadata<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.kolgimet.ru\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Murmansk Administration for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring Environment<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.aari.nw.ru\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.psmsl.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level<\/a>&nbsp;also have these records.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Status and trend<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>There is a certain correlation between the annual measurements from Troms\u00f8, Vard\u00f8 and Barentsburg which implies that sea level variability in these regions is shaped under the influence of the same driving forces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All three time-series (Barentsburg, Troms\u00f8 and Vard\u00f8) show negative trends throughout the periods. Barentsburg in 1949-2018 (no update since 2018) has the maximum negative trend in annual sea level variability of -2.7 mm\/yr. This trend is negative for all months, and maximum values for the trend are in June and October. The winter months contribute least to the trend. Troms\u00f8 and Vard\u00f8 have a negative trend of -0.49 mm\/yr and -0.26 mm\/yr throughout the measurement periods correspondingly, but over the most recent decades the trends have become slightly positive. This is in contrast to Barentsburg, where the trend has become more negative, probably due to land uplift as a response to the increased melting of glaciers in Svalbard over recent decades.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Causal factors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The global sea level will rise due to climate change. This takes place because large masses of ice on land melt and water expands when it is heated. In addition, the sea level is influenced by large-scale variations in ocean currents and dominant wind and pressure conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As the land in Svalbard and North Norway is still rising after the last Ice Age, a global rise in sea level does not have the same effect on measurements of the relative sea level. In Svalbard, the melting of glaciers also affects the land uplift, because the land rises more as the weight of the glaciers is reduced when they melt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Consequences<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">A potential rise in sea level may threaten infrastructure and cultural heritage remains in the shore zone in Svalbard. Increased erosion affects the coastline, and there are many cultural heritage remains on the coast.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">About the monitoring<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The global sea level has risen by about&nbsp;120 metres&nbsp;since the last Ice Age, some&nbsp;20,000 years&nbsp;ago, mostly due to melting of the huge Ice Age ice caps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite this large rise in the global sea level, most of the Norwegian coast has experienced a drop in sea level. This is because Norway and the rest of Scandinavia have undergone substantial land uplift due to the vast Scandinavian ice sheet having melted away, its weight thereby disappearing. In Svalbard, this appears in several places as elevated shorelines in the terrain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Whereas melting of land ice and expansion of water result in a rise in global sea level in the longer term, variations in ocean currents, winds and changes in atmospheric pressure give regional sea-level changes that can be observed over shorter time periods. Season variations in the landmass from snow and glacier melting also affect the rate of land uplift and hence the relative sea level. For better to separate the effects from ocean and land, it is desired to combine sea level measurements with geodetic measuring techniques for land uplift, like GNSS and VLBI. Absolute sea-level changes in time and space (when land rise is taken into account), together with other climate parameters, may therefore help to explain how climate changes occur in the sea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Places and areas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/stadnamn\/Barentsburg?ident=733&amp;lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Barentsburg<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Troms\u00f8 (Norwegian mainland)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vard\u00f8 (Norwegian mainland)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relations to other monitoring<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Monitoring programme<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>None<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">International environmental agreements<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>None<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Voluntary international cooperation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.psmsl.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Related monitoring<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>None<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further reading<a href=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/fauna\/marine\/zooplankton-species-composition.html#refs\"><\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Links<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.psmsl.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL)<\/a>&nbsp;has been responsible for the collection, publication, analysis and interpretation of sea-level data from the global network of tide gauges.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.kolgimet.ru\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Murmansk Administration for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring<\/a>\u00a0environment has been responsible for observations of the sea level at the Barentsburg tide gauge station.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sehavniva.no\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"www.sehavniva.no\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Norwegian Mapping Authority<\/a> is responsible for sea level observations in Troms\u00f8 and Vard\u00f8.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":446,"parent":1154,"menu_order":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-1171","bc_indicator","type-bc_indicator","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1171","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/bc_indicator"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1171\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":63140,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1171\/revisions\/63140"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1154"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/446"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1171"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}