{"id":1192,"date":"2022-04-11T14:43:58","date_gmt":"2022-04-11T12:43:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/indikator\/climate\/land\/massebalanse-for-isbreer-pa-svalbard\/"},"modified":"2026-01-05T14:03:46","modified_gmt":"2026-01-05T13:03:46","slug":"mass-balance-for-glaciers-in-svalbard","status":"publish","type":"bc_indicator","link":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/indikator\/climate\/land\/mass-balance-for-glaciers-in-svalbard\/","title":{"rendered":"Mass balance for glaciers in Svalbard"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-sizing-small\">Last updated 6 November 2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Melting glaciers are in focus due to climate change and rising temperatures. In Svalbard, several glaciers are monitored to detect the potential loss of mass. Mass balance is the difference between glacier growth in winter due to precipitation and glacier reduction in summer due to melting and runoff. All glaciers presented here have had a reduction in mass through the monitoring period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2305\" height=\"864\" src=\"http:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/np079849.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-62491\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/np079849.jpg 2305w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/np079849-300x112.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/np079849-1024x384.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/np079849-768x288.jpg 768w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/np079849-1536x576.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/np079849-2048x768.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/np079849-684x257.jpg 684w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2305px) 100vw, 2305px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Kronebreen and Kongsvegen. Photo: Geir Gotaas \/ Norwegian Polar Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-white-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-sizing-medium\">What is being monitored?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-mosj-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-mosj-yellow-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-sizing-medium\">Mass balance for glaciers in Svalbard<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"214\"\n     style=\"height: 400px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div 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mass balance (m)\"},\"crosshair\":false},[],[],[],[],[],[]],\"chart\":{\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"borderWidth\":0,\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":0,\"zoomType\":\"none\",\"panning\":false,\"panKey\":\"shift\",\"plotBackgroundColor\":\"\",\"plotBackgroundImage\":\"\",\"plotBorderColor\":\"\",\"plotBorderWidth\":0,\"inverted\":false},\"subtitle\":{\"text\":\"\",\"align\":\"center\"},\"tooltip\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"rgba(255,255,255,0.85)\",\"borderWidth\":\"1\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":3,\"shared\":true,\"valuePrefix\":\"\",\"valueSuffix\":\"\"},\"legend\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"title\":{\"text\":\"\"},\"layout\":\"horizontal\",\"align\":\"center\",\"verticalAlign\":\"bottom\",\"borderWidth\":\"0\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"0\"},\"exporting\":{\"enabled\":true,\"chartOptions\":{\"plotOptions\":{\"series\":{\"dataLabels\":{\"enabled\":false}}}},\"filename\":\"\",\"width\":\"\",\"buttons\":{\"contextButton\":{\"align\":\"right\",\"verticalAlign\":\"top\",\"symbolStroke\":\"#666\",\"text\":\"\"}}},\"credits\":{\"enabled\":true,\"href\":\"\",\"text\":\"Data: Norwegian Polar Institute, University of Oslo\"}},\"type\":\"highcharts_line_chart\",\"height\":400},\n            engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_line_chart\",\n            title: \"Cumulative mass balance for glaciers in Svalbard\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_214\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 216,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_214\" class=\"highcharts_line_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">The figure shows the cumulative net balance throughout the monitoring periods for the five glaciers, Austre Br\u00f8ggerbreen, Midtre Lov\u00e9nbreen, Kongsvegen, Kronebreen\/Holtedahlfonna and Etonbreen (Austfonna). Cumulative net balance is roughly equivalent to the volume change; there is a strong negative trend for Austre Br\u00f8ggerbreen and Midtre Lov\u00e9nbreen, in accordance with the observed retreat of these glaciers. There was a relatively long period of increased loss from 2000 to 2005, longer than any other periods in the time series. Kongsvegen increased in volume until 2000, but since then the mass balance has also been increasingly negative.<br>(<em>Cite these data: Norwegian Polar Institute, University of Oslo (2025). Cumulative mass balance for glaciers in Svalbard. Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ). URL: https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/climate\/land\/mass-balance-glaciers.html<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-mosj-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-mosj-yellow-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"213\"\n     style=\"height: 400px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4 wdt-chart-three\"><\/div>\n            <div 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Norwegian Polar Institute\"}},\"type\":\"highcharts_line_chart\",\"height\":400},\n            engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_line_chart\",\n            title: \"Austre Br\u00f8ggerbreen mass balance\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_213\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 215,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_213\" class=\"highcharts_line_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">The figure shows the winter, summer and net balance for Austre Br\u00f8ggerbreen measured in metres water equivalents. The mass balance has been almost exclusively negative throughout the measurement period, and even more negative over the past five years.<br>(<em>Cite these data: Norwegian Polar Institute (2025). Austre Br\u00f8ggerbreen mass balance. Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ). URL: https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/climate\/land\/mass-balance-glaciers.html<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-mosj-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-mosj-yellow-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"212\"\n     style=\"height: 400px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4 wdt-chart-three\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7 \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2 wdt-chart-two\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5 wdt-chart-four\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6 wdt-chart-five\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-static-background\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style>\n    \n<\/style>    <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n        if (typeof (wpDataCharts) == 'undefined') wpDataCharts = {};\n        wpDataCharts[212] = {\n            render_data: {\"wdtNumberFormat\":\"1\",\"options\":{\"title\":{\"text\":\"Midtre Lov\\u00e9nbreen mass 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balance, water equivalents ( m 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Norwegian Polar Institute\"}},\"type\":\"highcharts_line_chart\",\"height\":400},\n            engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_line_chart\",\n            title: \"Midtre Lov\u00e9nbreen mass balance\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_212\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 214,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_212\" class=\"highcharts_line_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">The figure shows the winter, summer and net balance for Midtre Lov\u00e9nbreen measured in metres water equivalents. The mass balance has been almost exclusively negative throughout the measurement period, and even more negative over the past five years.<br>(<em>CIte these data: Norwegian Polar Institute (2025). Midtre Lov\u00e9nbreen mass balance. Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ). URL: https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/climate\/land\/mass-balance-glaciers.html<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-mosj-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-mosj-yellow-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"211\"\n     style=\"height: 400px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4 wdt-chart-three\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7 \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2 wdt-chart-two\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5 wdt-chart-four\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6 wdt-chart-five\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-static-background\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style>\n    \n<\/style>    <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n        if (typeof (wpDataCharts) == 'undefined') wpDataCharts = {};\n        wpDataCharts[211] = {\n            render_data: {\"wdtNumberFormat\":\"1\",\"options\":{\"title\":{\"text\":\"Kongsvegen mass 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Norwegian Polar Institute\"}},\"type\":\"highcharts_line_chart\",\"height\":400},\n            engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_line_chart\",\n            title: \"Kongsvegen mass balance\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_211\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 213,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_211\" class=\"highcharts_line_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">The figure shows the winter, summer and net balance for Kongsvegen. The mass balance&nbsp; is more positive for Kongsvegen than for Austre Br\u00f8ggerbreen and Midtre Lov\u00e9nbreen. This difference is because Kongsvegen has a larger accumulation area that is located higher than the other glaciers. However, the net balance on Kongsvegen has gradually shifted from positive to negative. The net balance was positive towards year 2000, but now the glacier seems to be in a long-term decline. The mass balance has been even more negative over the past five years.<br>(<em>Cite these data: Norwegian Polar Institute (2025). Kongsvegen mass balance. Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ). URL: https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/climate\/land\/mass-balance-glaciers.html<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-mosj-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-mosj-yellow-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"210\"\n     style=\"height: 400px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4 wdt-chart-three\"><\/div>\n            <div 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  <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-static-background\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style>\n    \n<\/style>    <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n        if (typeof (wpDataCharts) == 'undefined') wpDataCharts = {};\n        wpDataCharts[210] = {\n            render_data: {\"wdtNumberFormat\":\"1\",\"options\":{\"title\":{\"text\":\"Kronebreen and Holtedahlfonna mass 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)\"},\"crosshair\":false},[],[],[]],\"chart\":{\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"borderWidth\":0,\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":0,\"zoomType\":\"none\",\"panning\":false,\"panKey\":\"shift\",\"plotBackgroundColor\":\"\",\"plotBackgroundImage\":\"\",\"plotBorderColor\":\"\",\"plotBorderWidth\":0,\"inverted\":false},\"subtitle\":{\"text\":\"\",\"align\":\"center\"},\"tooltip\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"rgba(255,255,255,0.85)\",\"borderWidth\":\"1\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":3,\"shared\":true,\"valuePrefix\":\"\",\"valueSuffix\":\"\"},\"legend\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"title\":{\"text\":\"\"},\"layout\":\"horizontal\",\"align\":\"center\",\"verticalAlign\":\"bottom\",\"borderWidth\":\"0\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"0\"},\"exporting\":{\"enabled\":true,\"chartOptions\":{\"plotOptions\":{\"series\":{\"dataLabels\":{\"enabled\":false}}}},\"filename\":\"\",\"width\":\"\",\"buttons\":{\"contextButton\":{\"align\":\"right\",\"verticalAlign\":\"top\",\"symbolStroke\":\"#666\",\"text\":\"\"}}},\"credits\":{\"enabled\":true,\"href\":\"\",\"text\":\"Data: Norwegian Polar Institute\"}},\"type\":\"highcharts_line_chart\",\"height\":400},\n            engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_line_chart\",\n            title: \"Kronebreen and Holtedahlfonna mass balance\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_210\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 212,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_210\" class=\"highcharts_line_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">The figure shows the winter, summer and net balance with and witout calving for Kronebreen and Holtedahlfonna, measured as metre water equivalents. The mass balance has beenvarying around zero during the measurement period, but would be almost exclusively negative if calving and marine melting at the terminus were accounted for. The mass balance has been even more negative over the past five years.<br>(<em>Cite these data: Norwegian Polar Institute (2025). Kronebreen\/Holtedahlfonna mass balance. Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ). URL: https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/climate\/land\/mass-balance-glaciers.html<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-mosj-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-mosj-yellow-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"209\"\n     style=\"height: 400px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4 wdt-chart-three\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7 \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2 wdt-chart-two\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5 wdt-chart-four\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6 wdt-chart-five\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-static-background\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style>\n    \n<\/style>    <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n        if (typeof (wpDataCharts) == 'undefined') wpDataCharts = {};\n        wpDataCharts[209] = {\n            render_data: {\"wdtNumberFormat\":\"1\",\"options\":{\"title\":{\"text\":\"Etonbreen (Austfonna) mass 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calving\",\"orig_header\":\"netbalancewithoutcalving\",\"data\":[-0.55,-0.09,0.12,0.12,0.5,-0.08,0.04,0.03,0.08,-0.58,0.09,-0.21,-0.14,-0.07,-0.37,0.19,-0.76,0.01,-0.81,-0.58,-1.1],\"yAxis\":0}],\"xAxis\":{\"categories\":[\"2004\",\"2005\",\"2006\",\"2007\",\"2008\",\"2009\",\"2010\",\"2011\",\"2012\",\"2013\",\"2014\",\"2015\",\"2016\",\"2017\",\"2018\",\"2019\",\"2020\",\"2021\",\"2022\",\"2023\",\"2024\"],\"crosshair\":false},\"yAxis\":[{\"gridLineDashStyle\":\"solid\",\"title\":{\"text\":\"Mass balance, water equivalents ( m )\"},\"crosshair\":false},[],[],[]],\"chart\":{\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"borderWidth\":0,\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":0,\"zoomType\":\"none\",\"panning\":false,\"panKey\":\"shift\",\"plotBackgroundColor\":\"\",\"plotBackgroundImage\":\"\",\"plotBorderColor\":\"\",\"plotBorderWidth\":0,\"inverted\":false},\"subtitle\":{\"text\":\"\",\"align\":\"center\"},\"tooltip\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"rgba(255,255,255,0.85)\",\"borderWidth\":\"1\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":3,\"shared\":true,\"valuePrefix\":\"\",\"valueSuffix\":\"\"},\"legend\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"title\":{\"text\":\"\"},\"layout\":\"horizontal\",\"align\":\"center\",\"verticalAlign\":\"bottom\",\"borderWidth\":\"0\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"0\"},\"exporting\":{\"enabled\":true,\"chartOptions\":{\"plotOptions\":{\"series\":{\"dataLabels\":{\"enabled\":false}}}},\"filename\":\"\",\"width\":\"\",\"buttons\":{\"contextButton\":{\"align\":\"right\",\"verticalAlign\":\"top\",\"symbolStroke\":\"#666\",\"text\":\"\"}}},\"credits\":{\"enabled\":true,\"href\":\"\",\"text\":\"Data: Norwegian Polar Institute, University of Oslo\"}},\"type\":\"highcharts_line_chart\",\"height\":400},\n            engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_line_chart\",\n            title: \"Etonbreen (Austfonna) mass balance\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_209\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 211,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_209\" class=\"highcharts_line_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">The figure shows the winter, summer and net balance with and without calving, for Etonbreen on Austfonna ice cap, measured as metre water equivalents. The net mass balance has typically varied around zero, except for an exceptionally positive year in 2008 and four very negative years in 2004, 2013, 2020 and 2022, which means that the cumulative balance for the entire period is also negative. Calving and marine melting at the glacier front cause a small additional mass loss.&nbsp;<br>(<em>Cite these data: Norwegian Polar Institute, University of Oslo (2025). Etonbreen (Austfonna) mass balance. Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ). URL: https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/climate\/land\/mass-balance-glaciers.html<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-pb-accordion-item c-accordion__item js-accordion-item no-js\" data-initially-open=\"false\" data-click-to-close=\"true\" data-auto-close=\"false\" data-scroll=\"false\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><h2 id=\"at-11921\" class=\"c-accordion__title js-accordion-controller\" role=\"button\">Details on these data<\/h2><div id=\"ac-11921\" class=\"c-accordion__content\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Last updated<\/strong><\/td><td>6 November 2025<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Update interval<\/strong><\/td><td>Yearly<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Next update<\/strong><\/td><td>September 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Commissioning organization<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.regjeringen.no\/en\/dep\/kld\/id668\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ministry of Climate and Environment<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Executive organization<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Norwegian Polar Institute<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Contact persons<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/people\/jack.kohler\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jack Kohler<\/a><br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/people\/geir.moholdt\/\">Geir Moholdt<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Method<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Winter mass-balance measurements comprise measurements of the snow depth towards the end of the winter. The snow depth is obtained by using a snow probe to undertake measurements over the whole glacier, insofar as this is possible, and by recording measurements on stakes along the centre line of the glacier. Snow thickness is then converted to total mass by measuring the snow density in a snow pit. The winter mass balance is usually measured in April or May, when the snow has reached its approximate maximum thickness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The summer balance is obtained by computing the change in the exposed stake between spring and the end of the melt season. The latter measurements are made in September or sometimes as late as October.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The net balance is then the sum of the winter balance and the summer balance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Winter, summer, and net balances are extrapolated from individual measurement points to the whole glacier using hypsometry, that is, the distribution of the surface area in 50-metre elevation levels obtained from maps or digital elevation models (DEM). We are assuming implicitly that the various mass balance terms vary mainly as a function of elevation. These maps and DEMs should be updated every&nbsp;5\u201310 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quality<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Based on the actual measurements, the margin of error in such measurements is difficult to determine exactly, but several scientists have estimated&nbsp;0.1\u20130.2 m w.eq.&nbsp;(metres of water equivalent).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Status and trend<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">All&nbsp;5 glaciers&nbsp;lost mass during their respective monitoring periods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">In the period 1986\u20132000 Kongsvegen had a positive trend, while the trend for Austre Br\u00f8ggerbreen and Midtre Lov\u00e9nbreen has been exclusively negative. This difference is because Kongsvegen has a larger accumulation area that is located higher than the small glaciers Austre Br\u00f8ggerbreen and Midtre Lov\u00e9nbreen. After 2000, Kongsvegen also shows a declining trend after several years with unusually negative mass balances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The accumulation area of Kronebreen\/Holtedahlfonna lies even higher than at Kongsvegen, but since there is less winter precipitation on Holtedahlfonna compared to Kongsvegen, the measured mass balance is about the same as Kongsvegen, but more negative when including calving and marine melting at the glacier front. Etonbreen on Austfonna has not changed much during the measurement period except from a few years with very negative summer balance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Causal factors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Mass balance is controlled by the amount of precipitation on the glacier in winter and the amount of melting in summer. Climate change is thus the main reason for a negative mass balance for glaciers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Consequences<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">An important reason for monitoring mass balance is to quantify how much the melting glaciers of Svalbard contribute to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/indikator\/climate\/ocean\/sea-level\/\">rising sea level<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">About a third of the global&nbsp;sea-level rise is due to melting of &#8220;small&#8221; glaciers, meaning all glaciers except Greenland and Antarctica, noting quite large error margins for the estimates. Hence, it is important to quantify the sea level contributions from the different ice-covered areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Svalbard plays a significant role in this as it has about 10% of the total ice-covered area in the Arctic (except Greenland). In addition the melting rates in Svalbard are relatively high due to Svalbard&#8217;s location in a relatively warm part of the Arctic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">About the monitoring<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The mass balance of a glacier is the difference between accumulation in winter and ablation in summer, and is thus a measure of whether the glacier as a whole is increasing or shrinking. The mass balance is primarily dependent upon the precipitation in winter and the temperature in summer, but calving and marine melting are also important for some glaciers that terminate in the ocean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">It is interesting to monitor mass balance because melting of glaciers can contribute to sea-level rise. Glaciers also influence the local climate and the conditions for fauna and flora in Svalbard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Places and areas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/stadnamn\/Kronebreen?ident=7702&amp;lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Kronebreen\/Holtedalsfonna<\/a><br>The locality consists of various glaciers belonging to the drainage area for Kronebreen. Place names include Kronebreen, Holtedahlsfonna, Dovrebreen and Infantfonna.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/stadnamn\/Austre+Br%C3%B8ggerbreen?ident=513&amp;lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Austre Br\u00f8ggerbreen<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/stadnamn\/Midtre+Lov%C3%A9nbreen?ident=16778&amp;lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Midtre Lov\u00e9nbreen<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/stadnamn\/Kongsvegen?ident=7574&amp;lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Kongsvegen<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/placenames.npolar.no\/stadnamn\/Etonbreen?ident=3498&amp;lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Etonbreen (Austfonna)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relations to other monitoring<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Monitoring programme<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>None<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">International environmental agreements<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>None<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Voluntary international cooperation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.wgms.ch\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">World Glacier Monitoring Service<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">European Environment Agency<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Related monitoring<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>None<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further reading<a href=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/fauna\/marine\/zooplankton-species-composition.html#refs\"><\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Links<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/wgms.ch\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">World Glacier Monitoring Service<\/a><br>Overview on available information on glacier fluctuations or to search for specific glaciers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/nsidc.org\/data\/glacier_inventory\/query.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">World Glacier Inventory<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Publications<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Kaser, G., Fountain, A., &amp; Jansson, P. (2002). <a href=\"https:\/\/globalcryospherewatch.org\/bestpractices\/docs\/UNESCO_manual_glaciers_2003.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">A manual for monitoring the mass balance of mountain glaciers<\/a>. <em>IHP-VI &#8211; Technical Documents in Hydrology, No. 59<\/em>. UNESCO, Paris, 2003.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Schuler, T. V., Kohler, J., Elagina, N., Hagen, J. O. M., Hodson, A. J., Jania, J. A., &#8230; &amp; Van Pelt, W. J. (2020). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/feart.2020.00156\/full?fbclid=IwAR2m5MJkei7g4ISjgL-scWRQBsRU3B3kpzz3ZG_QzGBDPuotUuso2xWPlOk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Reconciling Svalbard glacier mass balance.<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Frontiers in Earth Science<\/em>, 156. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feart.2020.00156\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feart.2020.00156<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00d8strem, G., &amp; Brugmann, M. (1991). <a href=\"https:\/\/snia.mop.gob.cl\/repositoriodga\/bitstream\/handle\/20.500.13000\/2850\/GLA1494.pdf?sequence=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Glacier Mass-Balance Measurements. A manual for field and office work.<\/a> <em>NHRI Science Report 4<\/em>, 224 pp. National Hydrology Research Institute, Environment Canda. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":62491,"parent":1180,"menu_order":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-1192","bc_indicator","type-bc_indicator","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1192","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/bc_indicator"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1192\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":64027,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1192\/revisions\/64027"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1180"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/62491"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1192"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}