{"id":1264,"date":"2022-04-11T14:54:46","date_gmt":"2022-04-11T12:54:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/indikator\/influence\/pollution%ef%bf%bc%ef%bf%bc\/miljogifter-i-polarlomvi\/"},"modified":"2025-10-22T13:47:28","modified_gmt":"2025-10-22T11:47:28","slug":"pollutants-in-brunnichs-guillemots","status":"publish","type":"bc_indicator","link":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/indikator\/influence\/pollution\/pollutants-in-brunnichs-guillemots\/","title":{"rendered":"Pollutants in Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemots"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-sizing-small\">Last updated 22 October 2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemot (<em>Uria lomvia<\/em>) is in <a href=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/indikator\/fauna\/marine-fauna\/brunnichs-guillemot\/\">steep decline<\/a>. This species feeds on a range of key stone species in the ecosystem and serves as an important indicator of the state of the food web in the Barents Sea. Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemot occupies the upper half of the food chain and primarily consumes small fish such as capelin and polar cod, as well as crustaceans. As a result, it is exposed to medium to high levels of environmental contaminants that biomagnifies in the food chain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"960\" src=\"http:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/dsc08927-3-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-62501\" style=\"width:1200px;height:450px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/dsc08927-3-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/dsc08927-3-300x113.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/dsc08927-3-1024x384.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/dsc08927-3-768x288.jpg 768w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/dsc08927-3-1536x576.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/dsc08927-3-2048x768.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/dsc08927-3-684x257.jpg 684w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Br\u00fcnnich&#8217;s guillemot at Alkefjellet, Hinlopenstredet. Photo: Malin Kjellstadli Johansen \/ Norwegian Polar Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-white-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-sizing-medium\">What is being monitored?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-mosj-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-mosj-yellow-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-sizing-medium\">Pollutants in Br\u00fcnnich&#8217;s guillemots <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"281\"\n     style=\"height: 550px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 137px\">\n            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Environmental Monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ).<\/em> <em>URL: <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/indikator\/influence\/pollution\/pollutants-in-brunnichs-guillemots\/\"><em>https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/indikator\/influence\/pollution\/pollutants-in-brunnichs-guillemots\/<\/em><\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-mosj-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-mosj-yellow-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"286\"\n     style=\"height: 500px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 125px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker 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The pesticides are shown in separate graphs due to large differences in concentration levels and therefore in the scale of the y-axis. Data represents the average concentration from 5 eggs, measured in ng\/g wet weight, and the error bars are the standard deviation.<br>(<em>Cite these data as: Norwegian Polar Institute (2025). Pesticides in Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemot eggs from Kongsfjorden and Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya. Environmental Monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ).<\/em> <em>URL: <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/indikator\/influence\/pollution\/pollutants-in-brunnichs-guillemots\/\"><em>https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/indikator\/influence\/pollution\/pollutants-in-brunnichs-guillemots\/<\/em><\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-mosj-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-mosj-yellow-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"287\"\n     style=\"height: 500px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 125px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker 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\"wpDataChart_287\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 260,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_287\" class=\"highcharts_line_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">Amount of PFOS in Br\u00fcnnich&#8217;s guillemot eggs from Kongsfjorden (since 1993) and Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya (since 2003). Data represents the average concentration from 5 eggs, measured in ng\/g wet weight, and the error bars are the standard deviation.<br>(<em>Cite these data as: Norwegian Polar Institute (2025). PFOS in Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s Guillemot eggs from Kongsfjorden and Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya. Environmental Monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ).<\/em> <em>URL: <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/indikator\/influence\/pollution\/pollutants-in-brunnichs-guillemots\/\"><em>https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/indikator\/influence\/pollution\/pollutants-in-brunnichs-guillemots\/<\/em><\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-pb-accordion-item c-accordion__item js-accordion-item no-js\" data-initially-open=\"false\" data-click-to-close=\"true\" data-auto-close=\"false\" data-scroll=\"false\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><h2 id=\"at-12642\" class=\"c-accordion__title js-accordion-controller\" role=\"button\">Details on these data<\/h2><div id=\"ac-12642\" class=\"c-accordion__content\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Last updated<\/strong><\/td><td>22 October 2025<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Update interval<\/strong><\/td><td>Every 4th year<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Next update<\/strong><\/td><td>2029<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Commissioning organization<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.regjeringen.no\/en\/dep\/kld\/id668\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ministry of Climate and Environment<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Executive organization<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Norwegian Polar Institute<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Contact persons<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/people\/geir.wing.gabrielsen\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Louise Kiel Jensen<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Method<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Individual samples from Br\u00fcnnich&#8217;s guillemot eggs are analyzed. The Br\u00fcnnich&#8217;s guillemot is listed as <em>Vulnerable<\/em> (VU) on the Norwegian Red List for Svalbard. Although the species lays only one egg, collecting eggs for sampling is considered non-harmful to the population. If the egg is collected early in the season, the bird may lay a replacement egg. Samples are collected as part of the Norwegian Polar Institute\u2019s fieldwork for population monitoring. Analyses of organic pollutants in Br\u00fcnnich&#8217;s guillemots are carried out by accredited laboratories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quality<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The work is carried out in accordance with AMAP\u2019s guidelines for sampling and analysis.<br>The laboratories regularly participate in international interlaboratory comparison tests (ring tests).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Other metadata<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reference level and action level<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Since the monitored contaminants are man-made and do not occur naturally, the reference value for an unaffected state would be zero (technically, the detection limit).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Threshold limits<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Br\u00fcnnich&#8217;s guillemot is a protected species and is not used for human consumption. Therefore, no threshold values have been established for environmental contaminants in Br\u00fcnnich&#8217;s Guillemots with regard to human consumption.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Status and trend<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The level of PCB is presented in MOSJ as the concentration of PCB-153, the most stable congener of PCB. There is a strong correlation between PCB-153 and other PCBs, so the concentration of PCB-153 provides an accurate picture of the overall PCB levels in Br\u00fcnnich&#8217;s guillemots.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Results show that PCB-153 levels have significantly declined due to international measures restricting the use of the compound. Measurements of PCB in Br\u00fcnnich&#8217;s guillemot eggs began in 1993 in Kongsfjorden, and the decline was more pronounced up to 2007 compared to the years following. The decline at Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya has followed the same trend since monitoring began there in 2003. Levels of oxychlordane in eggs from 1993 to 2022 have also decreased in both Kongsfjorden and Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There has been a marked reduction in \u03b2-HCH levels in eggs from 1993 to 2023. For HCB, an increase was observed between 1993 and 2014, but levels appear to have declined after 2014. Levels of DDE, a breakdown product of the pesticide DDT, were halved in eggs from Kongsfjorden between 1993 and 2007. From 2007 to 2022, DDE levels have shown a smaller reduction, most clearly in samples from Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya (data up to 2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">PFOS is a stable perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) in the environment. Industry has reduced PFOS production since the early 2000s, and PFOS was included in the Stockholm Convention in 2009. PFOS has been monitored in Br\u00fcnnich&#8217;s guillemot eggs from 1993 in Kongsfjorden and from 2003 at Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya. Although levels vary slightly over time, there is a gradual decrease in PFOS concentrations in the eggs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Causal factors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Br\u00fcnnich&#8217;s guillemot occupies the upper half of the food chain and is therefore exposed to medium to high levels of environmental contaminants that accumulate in the food web. This explains the presence of stable organic pollutants such as PCB, oxychlordane, HCH, DDE, and HCB in the species. The reason these substances show varying degrees of decline from 1993 to 2022 is due to international regulation of these pollutants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Strong measures have been implemented to limit emissions and the spread of PCBs and chlordanes. Efforts to regulate PCBs and chlorinated pesticides began in the late 1970s, and the international ban on these substances came into effect in 2004 through the Stockholm Convention. As a result, the main sources of emissions have ceased. These substances still persist in the environment because they degrade very slowly and bioaccumulate in the food chain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Stockholm Convention also regulates the international ban on the production and use of DDT (precursor to ppDDE), HCB, and HCH. Most Western countries introduced strict regulations on DDT already in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The use of HCB as a fungicide is prohibited, and industrial controls have reduced emissions. Lindane, which consists of an HCH mixture, was permitted in Norway until 1992. Around the year 2000, technical HCH and lindane were also banned in China and France, which were the main user countries in the late 1990s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Production and use of other pollutants and PFOS have been restricted over the past 15\u201320 years. PFOS was included in the Stockholm Convention in 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Consequences<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The current concentrations of organic pollutants and mercury found in Br\u00fcnnich&#8217;s guillemots is not considered to have negative effects on the health or reproduction of the birds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">No hunting of or collecting of eggs from Br\u00fcnnich&#8217;s guillemots is permitted. Therefore, contaminant levels in this species have not been a concern in relation to food safety.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">About the monitoring<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Br\u00fcnnich&#8217;s guillemot is an auk species with a northern circumpolar distribution. In the Northern Hemisphere, it is one of the most numerous seabirds, but the population on Svalbard has declined severely for more than 25 years. Due to this decline, the species is included in the Norwegian Red List for Species 2021 and is classified as <em>Vulnerable<\/em> (VU) on Svalbard and <em>Critically Endangered<\/em> (CR) in mainland Norway.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Br\u00fcnnich&#8217;s guillemot primarily feeds on fish and crustaceans. It has been selected as an indicator species for monitoring pollutants in fish-eating seabirds, as it is important to understand contaminant levels throughout the Arctic food web. The substances included in the monitoring are organic pollutants and PFOS, which are found throughout the environment even though many are no longer in use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Places and areas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/stadnamn.npolar.no\/stadnamn\/Bj%C3%B8rn%C3%B8ya+naturreservat?ident=16728&amp;lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/stadnamn.npolar.no\/stadnamn\/Kongsfjorden?ident=7561&amp;lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Kongsfjorden<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relations to other monitoring<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Monitoring programme<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/havforum.miljodirektoratet.no\/forvaltningsplaner-for-norske-havomrader\/forvaltningsplanene\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Management Plan for the Barents Sea&nbsp;<em>(in Norwegian)<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Norwegian Polar Institute monitoring programme<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">International environmental agreements<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>None<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Voluntary international cooperation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.amap.no\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP)<\/a><br>Data are supplied to AMAP, run by the Arctic Council.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Related monitoring<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>None<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further reading<a href=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/fauna\/marine\/zooplankton-species-composition.html#refs\"><\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Links<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/npolar.no\/en\/species\/brunnichs-guillemot\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Facts about the Br\u00fcnnich\u2019s guillemot<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/havforum.miljodirektoratet.no\/forvaltningsplaner-for-norske-havomrader\/forvaltningsplanene\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Management of the Barents Sea and Lofoten&nbsp;<em>(in Norwegian)<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.unece.org\/env\/lrtap\/hm_h1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Heavy metal protocol of 1998 (LRTAP Convention)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":62501,"parent":1234,"menu_order":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-1264","bc_indicator","type-bc_indicator","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1264","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/bc_indicator"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1264\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":63892,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1264\/revisions\/63892"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bc_indicator\/1234"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/62501"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1264"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}