{"id":1272,"date":"2022-04-11T14:56:19","date_gmt":"2022-04-11T12:56:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/indikator\/influence\/pollution%ef%bf%bc%ef%bf%bc\/miljogifter-i-ringsel\/"},"modified":"2024-11-13T15:07:31","modified_gmt":"2024-11-13T14:07:31","slug":"pollutants-in-ringed-seals","status":"publish","type":"bc_indicator","link":"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/indikator\/influence\/pollution\/pollutants-in-ringed-seals\/","title":{"rendered":"Pollutants in ringed seals"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-sizing-small\">Last updated 12 November 2024<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Moderate levels of contaminants are found in ringed seals (<em>Pusa hispida<\/em>) from Svalbard. Ringed seals are the polar bear&#8217;s main prey, and moderate pollutant levels in ringed seals may contribute to high levels in polar bears. Most of the legacy contaminants are decreasing in ringed seal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/xringsel-np034709jpg-1439534547jpgpagespeedic9iscnot1x2.jpeg\" alt=\"Pollutants in ringed seals\" class=\"wp-image-871\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/xringsel-np034709jpg-1439534547jpgpagespeedic9iscnot1x2.jpeg 1200w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/xringsel-np034709jpg-1439534547jpgpagespeedic9iscnot1x2-300x113.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/xringsel-np034709jpg-1439534547jpgpagespeedic9iscnot1x2-1024x384.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/xringsel-np034709jpg-1439534547jpgpagespeedic9iscnot1x2-768x288.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/mosj.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/xringsel-np034709jpg-1439534547jpgpagespeedic9iscnot1x2-684x257.jpeg 684w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Photo: Bj\u00f8rn Frantzen \/ Norwegian Polar Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-white-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-sizing-medium\">What is being monitored?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-mosj-yellow-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-mosj-yellow-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-sizing-medium\">Persistent organic pollutants in ringed seals<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wdt-wrapper-chart-loader\" data-id=\"264\"\n     style=\"height: 400px;\">\n    <div class=\"wdt-main-item\">\n                <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left wdt-chart-one\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4 wdt-chart-three\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7 \"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2 wdt-chart-two\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5 wdt-chart-four\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-chart-animated-background\" style=\"height: 100px\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div 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0.85)\",\"borderWidth\":\"1\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":3,\"shared\":false,\"valuePrefix\":\"\",\"valueSuffix\":\"\"},\"legend\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"title\":{\"text\":\"\"},\"layout\":\"horizontal\",\"align\":\"center\",\"verticalAlign\":\"bottom\",\"borderWidth\":\"0\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"0\"},\"exporting\":{\"enabled\":true,\"chartOptions\":{\"plotOptions\":{\"series\":{\"dataLabels\":{\"enabled\":false}}}},\"filename\":\"\",\"width\":\"\",\"buttons\":{\"contextButton\":{\"align\":\"right\",\"verticalAlign\":\"top\",\"symbolStroke\":\"#666\",\"text\":\"\"}}},\"credits\":{\"enabled\":true,\"href\":\"\",\"text\":\"Data: Norwegian Polar Institute\"}},\"type\":\"highcharts_basic_column_chart\",\"height\":400},\n            engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_basic_column_chart\",\n            title: \"Chordanes, DDE and PCB-153, lipid weight\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_264\",\n            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Concentrations are given as geometric means with 95% confidence intervals.<br>(<em>Cite these data: Norwegian Polar Institute (2024). Chordanes, DDE and PCB-153 in ringed seal blubber. Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ). 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Norwegian Polar Institute\"}},\"type\":\"highcharts_basic_column_chart\",\"height\":400},\n            engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_basic_column_chart\",\n            title: \"HCB, \u03b1-HCH, BDE-47 and toxaphenes in ringed seals\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_95\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 98,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_95\" class=\"highcharts_basic_column_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">The levels of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), sum of alpha- and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and toxaphenes (sum of congeners 26 and 50) in ringed seal from Svalbard show a decline since the 1990s.&nbsp; The levels of the brominated flame retardant BDE-47 shows no change between 2004 and 2014 in ringed seals from Svalbard. 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class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-2\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-3\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-4\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-5\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-6\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-7\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker wdt-btn-divide-left-8\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"wdt-static-background\">\n            <div class=\"wdt-background-masker\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style>\n    \n<\/style>    <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n        if (typeof (wpDataCharts) == 'undefined') wpDataCharts = {};\n        wpDataCharts[97] = {\n            render_data: {\"wdtNumberFormat\":\"1\",\"options\":{\"title\":{\"text\":\"PFOS in plasma in ringed seals\",\"floating\":false,\"align\":\"center\"},\"series\":[{\"type\":\"\",\"name\":\"PFOS\",\"color\":\"\",\"label\":\"PFOS\",\"orig_header\":\"pfos\",\"data\":[75.9,44.2,51.3,93.8,48],\"yAxis\":0},{\"type\":\"\",\"name\":\"PFOS (high)\",\"color\":\"\",\"label\":\"PFOS (high)\",\"orig_header\":\"pfos-high\",\"data\":[94.8,59.5,68.8,115.5,61.9],\"yAxis\":0},{\"type\":\"\",\"name\":\"PFOS (low)\",\"color\":\"\",\"label\":\"PFOS (low)\",\"orig_header\":\"pfos-low\",\"data\":[57,28.9,33.9,72.2,34],\"yAxis\":0}],\"xAxis\":{\"categories\":[\"1990\",\"1993\",\"1997\",\"2004\",\"2010\"],\"crosshair\":false},\"yAxis\":[{\"gridLineDashStyle\":\"solid\",\"title\":{\"text\":\"Concentration wet weight (ng\\\/g)\"},\"crosshair\":false},[],[]],\"chart\":{\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"borderWidth\":0,\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":0,\"zoomType\":\"none\",\"panning\":false,\"panKey\":\"shift\",\"plotBackgroundColor\":\"\",\"plotBackgroundImage\":\"\",\"plotBorderColor\":\"\",\"plotBorderWidth\":0,\"inverted\":false},\"subtitle\":{\"text\":\"\",\"align\":\"center\"},\"tooltip\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"rgba(255,255,255,0.85)\",\"borderWidth\":\"1\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":3,\"shared\":false,\"valuePrefix\":\"\",\"valueSuffix\":\"\"},\"legend\":{\"enabled\":true,\"backgroundColor\":\"\",\"title\":{\"text\":\"\"},\"layout\":\"horizontal\",\"align\":\"center\",\"verticalAlign\":\"bottom\",\"borderWidth\":\"0\",\"borderColor\":\"\",\"borderRadius\":\"0\"},\"exporting\":{\"enabled\":true,\"chartOptions\":{\"plotOptions\":{\"series\":{\"dataLabels\":{\"enabled\":true}}}},\"filename\":\"\",\"width\":\"\",\"buttons\":{\"contextButton\":{\"align\":\"right\",\"verticalAlign\":\"top\",\"symbolStroke\":\"#666\",\"text\":\"\"}}},\"credits\":{\"enabled\":true,\"href\":\"\",\"text\":\"Data: Norwegian Polar Institute\"}},\"type\":\"highcharts_basic_column_chart\",\"height\":400},\n            engine: \"highcharts\",\n            type: \"highcharts_basic_column_chart\",\n            title: \"PFOS in plasma in ringed seals\",\n            container: \"wpDataChart_97\",\n            follow_filtering: 0,\n            wpdatatable_id: 100,\n            group_chart: 0        }\n    <\/script>\n\n    <div id=\"wpDataChart_97\" class=\"highcharts_basic_column_chart\" style=\"width: 100%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-mini\">The figure shows no significant trend of perfluorooctasulfonate (PFOS) measured in the plasma of ringed seals over the period 1990-2010. The highest levels were measured in 2004, and in 2010 levels were halved. The levels of the sum of long-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCA) increased from 1990-2010. Concentrations are given as geometric means with 95% confidence intervals.<br>(<em>Cite these data: Norwegian Polar Institute (2024). PFOS in plasma in ringed seals. Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ). URL: https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/indikator\/influence\/pollution\/pollutants-in-ringed-seals\/<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-pb-accordion-item c-accordion__item js-accordion-item no-js\" data-initially-open=\"false\" data-click-to-close=\"true\" data-auto-close=\"false\" data-scroll=\"false\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><h2 id=\"at-12721\" class=\"c-accordion__title js-accordion-controller\" role=\"button\">Details on these data<\/h2><div id=\"ac-12721\" class=\"c-accordion__content\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Last updated<\/strong><\/td><td>12 November 2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Update interval<\/strong><\/td><td>Every 10th year<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Next update<\/strong><\/td><td>March 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Commissioning organization<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.regjeringen.no\/en\/dep\/kld\/id668\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ministry of Climate and Environment<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Executive organization<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Norwegian Polar Institute<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Contact persons<\/strong><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/people\/heli.routti\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Heli Routti<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Method<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Individual blubber or plasma samples from ringed seals are analyzed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Samples for surveillance comes from animals which have been shot for research purposes or hunting. The samples are stored frozen at the Norwegian Polar Institute. Samples are also preserved for analyzes of new pollutants in the future. For future analysis, one can choose samples for different purposes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Analyses of time-trend in the period 1990-2020 consists of animals that are a mix of males and females at varying ages. Samples are taken from 6 to 19 individuals per year. Localities for seals analysed for PCBs, chlorinated pesticides and brominated flame retardants are limited to the west coast of Spitsbergen. Since PFOS levels vary among fjords, is PFOS only analysed in seals caught Kongsfjorden.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">For analysis of brominated and chlorinated fat-soluble pollutants fat is extracted from blubber. Contaminants in fat extracts are separated and quantified by gas chromatography as described for example in Severinsen et al. 2000 and Wolkers et al. 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Perfluorinated contaminants are extracted from ringed seal blood plasma according to the method described by Hansen et al. 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quality<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The laboratories are quality assured and accredited. The work is carried out in accordance with AMAP&#8217;s guidelines for sampling and analysis. The laboratories regularly participate in international ring tests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Other metadata<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The Norwegian Polar Institute has all metadata.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reference level and action level<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Since both PCBs, pesticides, brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds is manmade pollutants, and do not occur naturally, the reference value for an unaffected state is zero (actually the detection limit).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Levels of environmental toxins in ringed seals from Svalbard are significantly lower compared to limit values \u200b\u200bfor harmful effects of environmental toxins defined by AMAP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are no set threshold values for the concenstration of contaminants in ringed seals. The number of animals used for human consumption in Svalbard is small. PCBs and chlorinated pesticides are fat-soluble and are therefore mostly in their blubber.&nbsp; The European Food Safety Authority has set a limit value for tolerable weekly intake of PFAS of 4.4 ng\/kg body weight. It describes the amount of substance a person can take in weekly throughout their life without risk of negative health effects. Based on levels of PFAS measured in the muscle of ringed seals from East Greenland, collected in 2018-2019, this means that consumption of ringed seal meat should not be more than 100 g of meat per week for a person of 70 kg.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Status and trend<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Geographic trends<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Ringed seals from Svalbard have approximately equal levels of PCB-153, DDE and HCB and somewhat lower HCH (sum of \u03b1- and \u03b2-HCH) and chlordane levels than ringed seals from Canada (Facciola et al., 2022), and most of these substances are lower in ringed seals from Svalbard than in ringed seals from East Greenland. Studies from 2007 showed that levels of PCBs, brominated flame retardants and pesticides in the liver of ringed seals are 6-15 times higher in the Baltic Sea than in Svalbard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Species trends<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Today&#8217;s levels of PCBs, chlorinated pesticides and PFAS in ringed seals are low compared to polar bears.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Time trends<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Monitoring of ringed seals shows that the concentrations of fat-soluble organic pollutants PCB-153 and chlorinated pesticides DDE, chlordanes, HCB and HCH have decreased in the period 1990-2020, but the decrease in PCB-153 and DDE has stabilized in the last half of the study period. The levels of another chlorinated pesticide group, toxaphenes, also show a decrease between the measurements in 2004 and 2014.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The levels of the flame retardant BDE-47 show no difference in ringed seals from Svalbard collected in 2004 and 2014, while the levels of PFOS have varied in the period 1990-2010, and show no significant trend. The highest PFOS levels were measured in 2004, in 2010 the levels had halved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Causal factors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The main reason why the levels of most of the legacy organic pollutants are decreasing in ringed seals, is that the production and use of them is regulated nationally and internationally.<br>Efforts to regulate PCBs and chlorinated pesticides started in the late 1970s, and the international ban on the contaminants took effect in 2004, through the Stockholm Convention. The main sources of emissions of these substances do not exist any longer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The reason for the contaminants still being present in the environment is because they are stable and that they can be recycled and concentrated in the food chain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The production and use of other contaminants such as BDE and PFOS has been restricted in the last 15-20 years. Tetra-BDE, penta-BDE, hexa-BDE, hepta-BDE and PFOS were included in the Stockholm Convention in 2009, while deca-BDE was included in 2017. The largest producer of PFOS, 3M, stopped production of PFOS and related substances early in the 2000s. The PFCA have been proposed to be included in the Stockholm Convention and production has decreased in many countries, but many of their precursors are not regulated as of today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Arctic cod is an important prey species for ringed seals, and ringed seals may be influenced by the level of contaminants in polar cod. As mentioned above, the level of contaminants in ringed seals affect the level of pollutants in polar bears, as they are a prey species for polar bears.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Consequences<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Ringed seals from Svalbard have moderate levels of contaminants in their tissues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Levels of environmental toxins in ringed seals are generally lower compared to limit values \u200b\u200bfor harmful effects of environmental toxins defined by AMAP. However, some correlative studies show that the threshold values \u200b\u200bfor when changes in gene expression can occur are very low in ringed seals, while experimental studies indicate that the ringed seal&#8217;s immune system is not weakened by the current contaminant load.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">Ringed seals are particularly vulnerable to fat soluble contaminants when they lose weight during molting. Periods of reductions in body fat allow pollutants stored in their blubber to be released into the blood. Contaminants are then available and taken up in important organs such as the liver and brain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">About the monitoring<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The ringed seal is a small species of true seal that is found throughout the Arctic. It is the only seal in Norwegian waters that is capable of keeping breathing holes open in solid ice. In Svalbard, ringed seals have their pups on the ice in the fjords and in the pack ice in the Barents Sea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-sizing-medium\">The ringed seal is a key species in the plankton \u2013 polar cod \u2013 ringed seal \u2013 polar bear food chain. Ringed seals are monitored to understand how pollutants become concentrated up the food chain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Places and areas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/stadnamn.npolar.no\/stadnamn\/Kongsfjorden?ident=7561&amp;lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Kongsfjorden<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relations to other monitoring<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Monitoring programme<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>None<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">International environmental agreements<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/chm.pops.int\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Stockholm Convention<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Voluntary international cooperation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.amap.no\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Related monitoring<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>None<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Other<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/research\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Research at the Norwegian Polar Institute<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further reading<a href=\"https:\/\/mosj.no\/en\/fauna\/marine\/zooplankton-species-composition.html#refs\"><\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-light-grey-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Links<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npolar.no\/en\/species\/ringed-seal.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Facts about the ringed seal<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/havforum.miljodirektoratet.no\/forvaltningsplaner-for-norske-havomrader\/forvaltningsplanene\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Management of the Barents Sea and Lofoten&nbsp;<em>(in Norwegian)<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/miljostatus.miljodirektoratet.no\/tema\/miljogifter\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">About pollutants \u2013 a general introduction&nbsp;<em>(in Norwegian)<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.miljostatus.no\/Tema\/Polaromradene\/Arktis\/Miljogifter-i-Arktis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">About pollutants in the Arctic&nbsp;<em>(in Norwegian)<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-sizing-medium\">Publications<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>AMAP. (2016). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Alexei-Konoplev\/publication\/321300371_aar2016-popstrendspdf\/data\/5a1a83bb0f7e9be37f9a74e3\/aar2016-popstrendspdf.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">AMAP Assessment 2015: Temporal Trends in Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic<\/a>. <em>Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP),<\/em> Oslo, Norway.  <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>AMAP. (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amap.no\/documents\/doc\/amap-assessment-2020-pops-and-chemicals-of-emerging-arctic-concern-influence-of-climate-change\/3580\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">AMAP Assessment 2020: POPs and Chemicals of Emerging Arctic Concern: Influence of Climate Change<\/a>. <em>Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP)<\/em>, Troms\u00f8, Norway<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Brown, T.M., Ross, P.S., Reimer, K.J., Veldhoen, N., Dangerfield, N.J., Fisk, A.T., &amp; Helbing, C.C. (2014). <a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/full\/10.1021\/es5032294\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">PCB Related Effects Thresholds As Derived through Gene Transcript Profiles in Locally Contaminated Ringed Seals (<em>Pusa hispida<\/em>).<\/a> E<em>nvironmental Science &amp; Technology 48<\/em>(21), 12952-12961. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es5032294\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es5032294<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Daelemans,&nbsp;F.F.,&nbsp;Mehlum,&nbsp;F., Lydersen,&nbsp;C., &amp; Schepens,&nbsp;P.J.C. (1993).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/004565359390323W\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mono-ortho and non-ortho substituted PCBs in Arctic ringed seal (<em>Phoca hispida<\/em>) from the Svalbard area: Analysis and determination of their toxic threat.<\/a> <em>Chemosphere&nbsp;27<\/em>(1-3):&nbsp;429\u2013437. <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/0045-6535(93)90323-W\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0045-6535(93)90323-W<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Desforges, J.-P.W., Sonne, C., Levin, M., Siebert, U., De Guise, S., &amp; Dietz, R. (2016). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0160412015300738\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Immunotoxic effects of environmental pollutants in marine mammals.<\/a> <em>Environment International 86<\/em>, 126-139. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2015.10.007\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2015.10.007<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (EFSA CONTAM Panel), Schrenk, D., Bignami, M., Bodin, L., Chipman, J. K., del Mazo, J., &#8230; &amp; Schwerdtle, T. (2020). <a href=\"https:\/\/efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.6223\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>EFSA journal<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>18<\/em>(9), e06223. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.6223\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.6223<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Facciola, N., Houde, M., Muir, D.C.G., Ferguson, S.H., &amp; McKinney, M.A. (2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120108\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Feeding and contaminant patterns of sub-arctic and arctic ringed seals: Potential insight into climate change-contaminant interactions<\/a>. <em>Environmental Pollution 313<\/em>, 120108. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120108\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120108<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hanssen, L., Dudarev, A.A., Huber, S., Odland, J.O., Nieboer, E., Sandanger, T.M., 2013. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969713000399\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Partition of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in whole blood and plasma, assessed in maternal and umbilical cord samples from inhabitants of arctic Russia and Uzbekistan.<\/a> <em>Science of the Total Environment 447<\/em>, 430-437. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.01.029\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.01.029<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Houde, M., Wang, X., Colson, T. L., Gagnon, P., Ferguson, S. H., Ikonomou, M. G., &#8230; &amp; Muir, D. C. G. (2019). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.02.138\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Trends of persistent organic pollutants in ringed seals (Phoca hispida) from the Canadian Arctic<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Science of the Total Environment<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>665<\/em>, 1135-1146. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.02.138\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.02.138<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Muir, D., Riget, F., Cleemann, M., Skaare, J., Kleivane, L., Nakata, H., &#8230; &amp; Tanabe, S. 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